Advances in Face Image Analysis: Theory and Applications

3D Face Recognition

Author(s): Alireza Behrad

Pp: 109-131 (23)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681081106116010009

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

3D face recognition algorithms are a group of methods which utilize 3D geometry of face and facial feature for recognition. In comparison with 2D face recognition algorithms that employ intensity or color based features, they are generally robust against lighting condition, head orientation, facial expression and make-up. 3D face recognition has several advantages. Firstly, the shape and the related features of 3D face can be acquired independent from lighting condition. Secondly, the pose of 3D face data can be easily corrected and used for subsequent pose invariant feature extraction. Thirdly, 3D face data are less affected by skin color, face cosmetic and similar face reflectance factors. 3D face recognition may include several stages such as 3D image acquisition, face localization, feature extraction and face recognition. In this article, different algorithms and the pipeline for 3D face recognition are discussed.


Keywords: 3D Face matching, 3D Face recognition, 3D Face registration, 3D Image acquisition, 3D Surface descriptors active triangulation, Biometric identifiers, Curvature descriptors, Face alignment, Face analysis, Face recognition face segmentation, Facial features, Facial landmarks, Feature extraction, Head pose estimation, Human identification, Laser scanner, Nose tip detection, Range images.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873355389 and j.to_ip >=873355389 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834405 and j.to_date >= 1739834405 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 8580) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873355389 and j.to_ip >=873355389 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834405 and j.to_date >= 1739834405 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 8580) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873355389 and j.to_ip >=873355389 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834405 and j.to_date >= 1739834405 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 8580)
      800μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1912 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834405 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834405 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1912
      • 3: 1739834405
      • 4: 1739834405
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='6ea65d5ffbe08553462b78b7004bb300'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    18Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        fanCiRXCFNHhLmhYvUaOuMmAOveDg5BtLf34WTY3
        uc_cart_id
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        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/8580" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
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        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
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        content_type
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        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        array:5 [ "_token" => "fanCiRXCFNHhLmhYvUaOuMmAOveDg5BtLf34WTY3" "uc_cart_id" => "6ea65d5ffbe08553462b78b7004bb300" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/8580" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:20:05GET/chapter/85801121920