Internet Multimedia Search and Mining

Flickr Distance for Internet Multimedia Search and Mining

Author(s): Lei Wu and Xian-Sheng Hua

Pp: 240-272 (33)

DOI: 10.2174/9781608052158113010013

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

In this chapter, we will introduce the Flickr distance (FD), which is used to measure the visual correlation between concepts. The relationship between concepts is a reflection of human perception, which is formed mainly based on the human visual information. Thus mining the conceptual correlation from visual information makes sense.

Flickr distance is calculated in two steps, concept modeling and concept distance estimation. In the first step, each concept is assumed to have multiple states, such as front views, side views, multiple semantics, etc., each of which is considered as a latent topic. For each concept, a collection of related images are obtained from the web, and then a latent topic visual language model (LTVLM) is built to capture these states. In the second step, the distance between two concepts is estimated by the Jensen-Shannon (JS) divergence between their LTVLM.

Different from traditional conceptual distance measurements, which are based on Web text documents, FD is based on the visual information. Comparing with the WordNet distance, FD can easily scale up with the increasing size of conceptual corpus. Comparing with the Google distance (NGD) and Tag Concurrence Distance (TCD), FD uses the visual information and can measure more kinds of conceptual relations properly. We apply FD to multimedia related tasks and find FD is more helpful than NGD. Based on FD, we also construct a large scale visual conceptual network (VCNet) to store the knowledge of conceptual relationship. Experiments show that FD is more coherent to human perception and can help boosting the performance of several applications over the existing methods.


Keywords: Flickr distance, conceptual similarity, visual language model, distance measurement, multimedia search, data mining, similarity search, image analysis, visual similarity, image annotation, image tagging, image retrieval

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59694094 and j.to_ip >=59694094 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971052 and j.to_date >= 1739971052 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 5586) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59694094 and j.to_ip >=59694094 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971052 and j.to_date >= 1739971052 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 5586) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59694094 and j.to_ip >=59694094 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971052 and j.to_date >= 1739971052 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 5586)
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1315 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739971052 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739971052 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.12msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1315
      • 3: 1739971052
      • 4: 1739971052
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='e7459ff5b01cf696330aeb639ff5a53e'
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    12Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        r5J4sH3aOdFyUpasNTqBdwiNye1Olt231DgWSZUF
        uc_cart_id
        e7459ff5b01cf696330aeb639ff5a53e
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/5586" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/5586
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkY0Qy9BZmRsWGJYSUlDdDFKVC83OWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicWthSE8xMjE3NFNBWmtOWEtzbkJ1T1F6U25XbkdvZlJ3QjR3OTFLdVp5RT0iLCJtYWMiOiIyOGVmMTI5ZmMxOGIyOGMyNjlmYTQ2ODI4MDkwODAxNDU4MGVmMjlmYWNiZWRlN2EzODc5ZmVkNWRlYWI0ZTU3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkY0Qy9BZmRsWGJYSUlDdDFKVC83OWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicWthSE8xMjE3NFNBWmtOWEtzbkJ1T1F6U25XbkdvZlJ3QjR3OTFLdVp5RT0iLCJtYWMiOiIyOGVmMTI5ZmMxOGIy" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 19 Feb 2025 13:17:32 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlFGcldib1lXYmVQb0hiQlBlUHNVdFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOUNRdi93SEFteWlmWUcxblhmaTBTNlkrMVZqdkNkNjlJNGYxV21EaWRKYWJZZTV2ZnRER0xESjhuOG9yK3hOMXBZSWc0VXJ4UFpIdFI4dmFxYWxIemQreHZHa3BGeEcydnNKWk9QY25yQ1BkREJzU2tnQzNQTjNNZ3VlQ2F4SVIiLCJtYWMiOiJhMWI4ZjM4ZmYyZTM2ZjNmNTc0M2M3ZjU2YWIwMjllNjlmMTI5ZTBlODk4YzU1ZDBjMjYwYmNlMjQ3Y2I5NDZhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22 Feb 2025 01:17:32 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlFGcldib1lXYmVQb0hiQlBlUHNVdFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOUNRdi93SEFteWlmWUcxblhmaTBTNlkrMVZqdkNkNjlJNGYxV21EaWRKYWJZZTV2ZnRER0xESjhuOG9yK3hOMXBZSWc0V" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii9xL1ZLU3hzcWdUbWgwcUs0OEpiVnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicTVlOUM0ZDJWdHJha2JUTGtyZUtybmNpWmZ2bVRBZ294QjNMWllKT2o4aUpFbDg2ZDNndG8yMmdoaW9wcjhxbVYwbS96dDRXVXFXOS9raGRIdDNhMTJlOG9SdmNETWhOSXkzWnhjRGRVUmhMZjdyemJXTXN6V1J0cXNnZDI0cGsiLCJtYWMiOiJlMzMwODljZDhiOTFmZmQ5OWFiNzA2ZGZiNGUwZDY2MDhlZTQzYzIwNmMzMTgyMGU1Zjk3ZTcyYTNiZjlkZDI1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii9xL1ZLU3hzcWdUbWgwcUs0OEpiVnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicTVlOUM0ZDJWdHJha2JUTGtyZUtybmNpWmZ2bVRBZ294QjNMWllKT2o4aUpFbDg2ZDNndG8yMmd" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlFGcldib1lXYmVQb0hiQlBlUHNVdFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOUNRdi93SEFteWlmWUcxblhmaTBTNlkrMVZqdkNkNjlJNGYxV21EaWRKYWJZZTV2ZnRER0xESjhuOG9yK3hOMXBZSWc0VXJ4UFpIdFI4dmFxYWxIemQreHZHa3BGeEcydnNKWk9QY25yQ1BkREJzU2tnQzNQTjNNZ3VlQ2F4SVIiLCJtYWMiOiJhMWI4ZjM4ZmYyZTM2ZjNmNTc0M2M3ZjU2YWIwMjllNjlmMTI5ZTBlODk4YzU1ZDBjMjYwYmNlMjQ3Y2I5NDZhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22-Feb-2025 01:17:32 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlFGcldib1lXYmVQb0hiQlBlUHNVdFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOUNRdi93SEFteWlmWUcxblhmaTBTNlkrMVZqdkNkNjlJNGYxV21EaWRKYWJZZTV2ZnRER0xESjhuOG9yK3hOMXBZSWc0V" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii9xL1ZLU3hzcWdUbWgwcUs0OEpiVnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicTVlOUM0ZDJWdHJha2JUTGtyZUtybmNpWmZ2bVRBZ294QjNMWllKT2o4aUpFbDg2ZDNndG8yMmdoaW9wcjhxbVYwbS96dDRXVXFXOS9raGRIdDNhMTJlOG9SdmNETWhOSXkzWnhjRGRVUmhMZjdyemJXTXN6V1J0cXNnZDI0cGsiLCJtYWMiOiJlMzMwODljZDhiOTFmZmQ5OWFiNzA2ZGZiNGUwZDY2MDhlZTQzYzIwNmMzMTgyMGU1Zjk3ZTcyYTNiZjlkZDI1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii9xL1ZLU3hzcWdUbWgwcUs0OEpiVnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicTVlOUM0ZDJWdHJha2JUTGtyZUtybmNpWmZ2bVRBZ294QjNMWllKT2o4aUpFbDg2ZDNndG8yMmd" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "r5J4sH3aOdFyUpasNTqBdwiNye1Olt231DgWSZUF" "uc_cart_id" => "e7459ff5b01cf696330aeb639ff5a53e" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/5586" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 13:17:32GET/chapter/55861121914