Deep Learning: Theory, Architectures and Applications in Speech, Image and Language Processing

Cryptocurrency Portfolio Management Using Reinforcement Learning

Author(s): Vatsal Khandor*, Sanay Shah, Parth Kalkotwar, Saurav Tiwari and Sindhu Nair

Pp: 234-248 (15)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815079210123010018

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Portfolio management is the science of choosing the best investment policies and strategies with the aim of getting maximum returns. Simply, it means managing the assets/stocks of a company, organization, or individual and taking into account the risks, and increasing the profit. This paper proposes portfolio management using a bot leveraging a reinforcement learning environment specifically for cryptocurrencies which are a hot topic in the current world of technology. The reinforcement Learning Environment gives the reward/penalty to the agent, which helps it train itself during the training process and make decisions based on the trial-and-error method. Dense and CNN networks are used for training the agent to taking the decision to either buy, hold or sell the coin. Various technical indicators, like MACD, SMA, etc., are also included in the dataset while making the decisions. The bot is trained on 3-year hourly data of Bitcoin, and results demonstrate that the Dense and CNN network models show a good amount of profit against a starting balance of 1,000, indicating that reinforcement learning environments can be efficacious and can be incorporated into the trading environments.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316440840 and j.to_ip >=316440840 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834821 and j.to_date >= 1739834821 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 20028) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316440840 and j.to_ip >=316440840 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834821 and j.to_date >= 1739834821 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 20028) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316440840 and j.to_ip >=316440840 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834821 and j.to_date >= 1739834821 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 20028)
      610μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3557 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834821 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834821 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.08msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3557
      • 3: 1739834821
      • 4: 1739834821
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='5735bcf8085db1a8c3666e645f72668c'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        cFyY1ptoTRTn6ugovaPXjsaHiTYFuA7yzDRvlGi9
        uc_cart_id
        5735bcf8085db1a8c3666e645f72668c
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/20028" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/20028
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjV0bHN2dEtkTHM1ZVpWQm55Rko3TVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR2JqRjdwMWZ1ZjNYV0JMbzU4Qmk1SzRhcUEyRTN4MlZ6SG9tUGc0RUlTST0iLCJtYWMiOiIwYjJiMTc1NmFkN2UyZTM5ZDZlMmYwOGM4NmRmZDI2ODkwZGNlMzU1MWI2YTRmZjU5MzE2NGQyYjJlZDMwMDg3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjV0bHN2dEtkTHM1ZVpWQm55Rko3TVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR2JqRjdwMWZ1ZjNYV0JMbzU4Qmk1SzRhcUEyRTN4MlZ6SG9tUGc0RUlTST0iLCJtYWMiOiIwYjJiMTc1NmFkN2Uy" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:27:01 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImVMdjU4VU9tcm5yZ2pjVmtTb2J4U0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUzFJZXAvQkJLNlVXVlU4NTNoNE1mTmhDU2M5VlU3TWtZZU92Ym1QYjJWS2d1N1dmV0tBSjdVMXFYL2Y1V2l6eDNlaXVXV0l3N3VDMk9IN2ZZeklqVktWY1FNOXhYNmFqRmp6Rjlwamk0M1hmWm5Bcm41VVhCKzNlTGVNVTVvamMiLCJtYWMiOiIyYTA5YmY2ZTE3ODQyZGQzZmI4ODQxZjNmMjM2NzgwM2UwOWYwZDY4ODhjZjA3MGQ2MDY5Yjc0ODAzZDY0MTg1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:27:01 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImVMdjU4VU9tcm5yZ2pjVmtTb2J4U0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUzFJZXAvQkJLNlVXVlU4NTNoNE1mTmhDU2M5VlU3TWtZZU92Ym1QYjJWS2d1N1dmV0tBSjdVMXFYL2Y1V2l6eDNlaXVXV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlgrcnhmZ3IzNnppVVhNUFZWVUJxYXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ0RkMWJXNTY3dmsxcDFBREVYLzBsTHQ4L3gvT25tdlFoTC83YXJqSkJMbkVCUXdwN0JoQ05HaFlBS2JzL2xuVW1BdVVlTzFGSnE3NGhYZnUzenNrSW5ZbHhaY2lZUVhRWExRNzMvdnNINW1PQy94ckN3cGJhUXE1OFNFVDVxUW8iLCJtYWMiOiJkMTgxNmNhNGMwNDBlMDU4MjBmNzJmZWZmOTI1ZTFjNzJhMjA0MjA5YzBiNTEyMDczM2E5Mzc1NTljMTViZWY1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlgrcnhmZ3IzNnppVVhNUFZWVUJxYXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ0RkMWJXNTY3dmsxcDFBREVYLzBsTHQ4L3gvT25tdlFoTC83YXJqSkJMbkVCUXdwN0JoQ05HaFl" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImVMdjU4VU9tcm5yZ2pjVmtTb2J4U0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUzFJZXAvQkJLNlVXVlU4NTNoNE1mTmhDU2M5VlU3TWtZZU92Ym1QYjJWS2d1N1dmV0tBSjdVMXFYL2Y1V2l6eDNlaXVXV0l3N3VDMk9IN2ZZeklqVktWY1FNOXhYNmFqRmp6Rjlwamk0M1hmWm5Bcm41VVhCKzNlTGVNVTVvamMiLCJtYWMiOiIyYTA5YmY2ZTE3ODQyZGQzZmI4ODQxZjNmMjM2NzgwM2UwOWYwZDY4ODhjZjA3MGQ2MDY5Yjc0ODAzZDY0MTg1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:27:01 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImVMdjU4VU9tcm5yZ2pjVmtTb2J4U0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUzFJZXAvQkJLNlVXVlU4NTNoNE1mTmhDU2M5VlU3TWtZZU92Ym1QYjJWS2d1N1dmV0tBSjdVMXFYL2Y1V2l6eDNlaXVXV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlgrcnhmZ3IzNnppVVhNUFZWVUJxYXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ0RkMWJXNTY3dmsxcDFBREVYLzBsTHQ4L3gvT25tdlFoTC83YXJqSkJMbkVCUXdwN0JoQ05HaFlBS2JzL2xuVW1BdVVlTzFGSnE3NGhYZnUzenNrSW5ZbHhaY2lZUVhRWExRNzMvdnNINW1PQy94ckN3cGJhUXE1OFNFVDVxUW8iLCJtYWMiOiJkMTgxNmNhNGMwNDBlMDU4MjBmNzJmZWZmOTI1ZTFjNzJhMjA0MjA5YzBiNTEyMDczM2E5Mzc1NTljMTViZWY1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlgrcnhmZ3IzNnppVVhNUFZWVUJxYXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ0RkMWJXNTY3dmsxcDFBREVYLzBsTHQ4L3gvT25tdlFoTC83YXJqSkJMbkVCUXdwN0JoQ05HaFl" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "cFyY1ptoTRTn6ugovaPXjsaHiTYFuA7yzDRvlGi9" "uc_cart_id" => "5735bcf8085db1a8c3666e645f72668c" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/20028" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:27:01GET/chapter/20028112192