Augmented Intelligence: Deep Learning, Machine Learning, Cognitive Computing, Educational Data Mining

Brain and Computer Interface

Author(s): Kuldeep Singh Kaswan* and Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal

Pp: 19-45 (27)

DOI: 10.2174/9789815040401122030004

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are defined as the science and technology of devices and systems responding to neural processes in the brain that generate motor movements and to cognitive processes (e.g., memory) that modify motor movements. Advances in neuroscience, computational technology, component miniaturization, the biocompatibility of materials, and sensor technology have led to the much-improved feasibility of useful BCIs. Brain-Computer Interface can be developed by engineers, neuroscientists, physical scientists, and behavioral and social scientists as a team effort. A study on brain computers (BCI) discusses how the brain and external systems interact. In intrusive systems, electrodes are implanted in the cortex; in non-invasive systems, they are mounted on the scalp and use electroencephalography or electrocorticography to monitor neuronal activity. The BCI systems can be generally ranked based on the location of the electrodes used for detecting and measuring neurons in the brain. This WTEC report was intended to compile and reveal to government decision-makers and the scientific community the information on global developments and patterns in BCI research. The design of hardware, device architecture, functional electrical stimulation, non-invasive systems of communication, academic and industrial cognitive and emotional neuroprosthesis has been discussed in this chapter. The purpose of the present chapter is to review the current sensor technologies used for invasive and non-invasive BCI approaches throughout North America, Europe, and Asia. We have visited and/or interacted with key laboratories with expertise in these areas. Although not completely comprehensive, this chapter gives an overview of the major sensor technologies being developed for potential BCI applications. 


Keywords: Cortex, CNS tissue, ECoG strips, Electrode cap, Electrocorticography, Emotional neuro-prostheses, EEG signals, Etching technique, Geometric electrodes, Invasive, Integrated chip, Micro-heater, Multielectrodes, Non-invasive, Neurosurgical technology, Neuronal map, Polyimide microelectrode, Sensor technology, Sensor Technology, Silicon-based Electrodes.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316481725 and j.to_ip >=316481725 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740675403 and j.to_date >= 1740675403 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17360) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316481725 and j.to_ip >=316481725 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740675403 and j.to_date >= 1740675403 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17360) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316481725 and j.to_ip >=316481725 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740675403 and j.to_date >= 1740675403 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 17360)
      660μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 3373 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740675403 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740675403 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.16msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 3373
      • 3: 1740675403
      • 4: 1740675403
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='6d6b2ee8c6db6609eabedf0d69697e7a'
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    20Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        RKUBXb3ydc8TEqjn5a2nSORIryeUBIH7vjiwmrOr
        uc_cart_id
        6d6b2ee8c6db6609eabedf0d69697e7a
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/17360" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/17360
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjhqRlZzV3lLdUNwTHBoQmNMVlJ3bGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYkhBUldXMGpkZnVDZldhd2VRcks2MWJ0VnJPRkJ0VWtmZXAxaVZqdG1FVT0iLCJtYWMiOiIzNTBiZGRkMzRiYzQ4ZGJlZjM4NmEzMjk3MjYxMzRkNzViNDMyOTc3NTk5MjEzNTUyMDc1NDFjYzQ5YWJiYTY3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjhqRlZzV3lLdUNwTHBoQmNMVlJ3bGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYkhBUldXMGpkZnVDZldhd2VRcks2MWJ0VnJPRkJ0VWtmZXAxaVZqdG1FVT0iLCJtYWMiOiIzNTBiZGRkMzRiYzQ4" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:56:43 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlhVUWJWWmRwZEE1UTJqZFZLWVFPNWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXhVK2FtQUNwWllxMFRMQmZiSkgwRGQxb256YkZLN2JKTHZmMXB4Q0lrWHBxRXdjc3dOcTIwOVFNTm1JT2YyQkVCOG9wZUYrRmczbytLYUErOWZZOWpzQnEvd3hTSHFqWnhEK3lnL0hadGQ4SmxRb0RKSEM2aTVwT0FEMGw0VnkiLCJtYWMiOiIzYTkyOTI0NzY3Y2NlZjk4ZmVmYzE4OGM0MWZlMDI2MmQwMjlmMGMwZjNiYjY0NDZhMjkzNGExMzVhNWIwMTkyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 04:56:43 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlhVUWJWWmRwZEE1UTJqZFZLWVFPNWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXhVK2FtQUNwWllxMFRMQmZiSkgwRGQxb256YkZLN2JKTHZmMXB4Q0lrWHBxRXdjc3dOcTIwOVFNTm1JT2YyQkVCOG9wZ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkN6MVA5bHIyR2RYTkZ1UTNYdTFjMkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN01LdGNQRG9BQTlXRG1IUTNOeFQzRjUydUVVSEFFS09oWE5jMGpSODJMYVRTcjNtMklzV1ZINVY1eWthajA1NnhGMFVHbGlMZHJDUkZrTmxLNXluWnAwbnlCNS82KzFyT241YkU0Z21FSkQrS2JHYkFZRGdMbUVaeFRETExjWkQiLCJtYWMiOiJmZjFkMGY5ZGVlMmNkOWQyODdhYTg3OTcxOWFkY2I1ZDBjNTA5NjdjMmIwODk1YWQwNTFkYWZjYmU0MWZlY2QwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkN6MVA5bHIyR2RYTkZ1UTNYdTFjMkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN01LdGNQRG9BQTlXRG1IUTNOeFQzRjUydUVVSEFFS09oWE5jMGpSODJMYVRTcjNtMklzV1ZINVY" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlhVUWJWWmRwZEE1UTJqZFZLWVFPNWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXhVK2FtQUNwWllxMFRMQmZiSkgwRGQxb256YkZLN2JKTHZmMXB4Q0lrWHBxRXdjc3dOcTIwOVFNTm1JT2YyQkVCOG9wZUYrRmczbytLYUErOWZZOWpzQnEvd3hTSHFqWnhEK3lnL0hadGQ4SmxRb0RKSEM2aTVwT0FEMGw0VnkiLCJtYWMiOiIzYTkyOTI0NzY3Y2NlZjk4ZmVmYzE4OGM0MWZlMDI2MmQwMjlmMGMwZjNiYjY0NDZhMjkzNGExMzVhNWIwMTkyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 04:56:43 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlhVUWJWWmRwZEE1UTJqZFZLWVFPNWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXhVK2FtQUNwWllxMFRMQmZiSkgwRGQxb256YkZLN2JKTHZmMXB4Q0lrWHBxRXdjc3dOcTIwOVFNTm1JT2YyQkVCOG9wZ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkN6MVA5bHIyR2RYTkZ1UTNYdTFjMkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN01LdGNQRG9BQTlXRG1IUTNOeFQzRjUydUVVSEFFS09oWE5jMGpSODJMYVRTcjNtMklzV1ZINVY1eWthajA1NnhGMFVHbGlMZHJDUkZrTmxLNXluWnAwbnlCNS82KzFyT241YkU0Z21FSkQrS2JHYkFZRGdMbUVaeFRETExjWkQiLCJtYWMiOiJmZjFkMGY5ZGVlMmNkOWQyODdhYTg3OTcxOWFkY2I1ZDBjNTA5NjdjMmIwODk1YWQwNTFkYWZjYmU0MWZlY2QwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkN6MVA5bHIyR2RYTkZ1UTNYdTFjMkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN01LdGNQRG9BQTlXRG1IUTNOeFQzRjUydUVVSEFFS09oWE5jMGpSODJMYVRTcjNtMklzV1ZINVY" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "RKUBXb3ydc8TEqjn5a2nSORIryeUBIH7vjiwmrOr" "uc_cart_id" => "6d6b2ee8c6db6609eabedf0d69697e7a" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/17360" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 16:56:43GET/chapter/173601121922