Abstract
Background: The present work aims at determining the effects of maternal-diet-induced obesity on offspring metabolism. The short-term of a marine microalgae diet and its effects on lipids metabolism was investigated.
Method: Before gestation, some rats are fed control diet and others cafeteria diet. Moreover, two groups of dams were fed standard and cafeteria diets, and two other groups were fed the same diets but containing 10% of microalgae. This feeding started at gestation, and continued throughout parturition, lactation until their offspring's weaning age.
Results: Cafeteria diet was shown to increase the body weight and visceral obesity, with aberration in lipid metabolism. The results obtained show that the microalgae diet supplement induces a significant decrease in the maternal body weight and relative adipose tissue weight, plasma glucose and lipid levels, liver-triglyceride (TG) and adipose tissue-TG at parturition and at the end of lactation. Also, the addition of the microalgae in both males and female offspring fed dams at birth and weaning showed significant decrease in body weight, liver-TG whereas significant increase in TG-HDL.
Conclusion: In the end, it was noted that the incorporation of 10% of microalgae has a beneficial effect on body weight and lipid metabolism.
Keywords: Adipose tissue, liver tissue, maternal obesity, n3-PUFA, Nannochloropsis, insulin resistance.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Hanson M, Gluckman P. Developmental origins of non-communicable disease: population and public health implications. Am J Clin Nutr 2011. 94: 1754 S -1758 S.
[2]
Despre’s JP, Lemieux I, Bergeron J, et al. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: contribution to global cardiometabolic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28(6): 1039-49.
[3]
Vatner DF, Majumdar SK, Kumashiro N, et al. Insulin-independent regulation of hepatic triglyceride synthesis by fatty acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2015; 112: 1143-8.
[4]
Ji H, Friedman MI. Reduced capacity for fatty acid oxidation in rats with inherited susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. Metabolism 2007; 56: 1124-30.
[5]
Postic C, Girard J. The role of the lipogenic pathway in the development of hepatic steatosis. Diabetes Metab 2008; 34: 643-8.
[6]
Tschop M, Heiman ML. Rodent obesity models: an overview. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2001; 109: 307-19.
[7]
Fawley KP, Fawley MW. Observations on the diversity and ecology of freshwater Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae), with descriptions of new taxa. Protist 2007; 158: 325-36.
[8]
Lubian LM, Montero O, Moreno-Garrido I, et al. Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae) as source of commercially valuable pigments. J Appl Phycol 2000; 12: 249-55.
[10]
Sukenik A, Cohen Z, Eds. editors, Chemicals from Microalgae, cap 3, 1999, Taylor and Francis. Doi:10.1016/S1389-0344(03)00061-3.
[11]
Venegas-Caleron M, Sayanova O, Napier JA. An alternative to fish oils: metabolic engineering of oil-seed crops to produce omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49(2): 108-19.
[12]
Tschop M, Heiman ML. Rodent obesity models: An overview. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2001; 109: 307-19.
[13]
Armitage JA, Taylor PD, Poston L. Experimental models of developmental programming: Consequences of exposure to an energy rich diet during development. Physiol 2005; 565: 3-8.
[14]
Bouanane S, Benkalfat NB, Baba AFZ. etal. Time course of chang-es in serum oxidant/antioxidant status in cafeteria fed obese rats and their offspring. Clin Sci 2009; 116: 669-80.
[15]
Von LTO, Ruiter A, Bronsgeest-Schoute HC, et al. The effect of a fish diet on serum lipids in healthy young human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1978; 31(8): 1340-6.
[16]
Singer P, Jaeger W, Wirth M, et al. Lipid and blood pressure-lowering effect of mackerel diet in man. Atherosclerosis 1983; 49: 99-108.
[17]
Connor WE, Connor SL. The dietary treatment of hyperlipidemia: Rationale, technique and efficacy. Med Clin North Am 1982; 66(2): 485-518.
[18]
Markovits A, Conjeros R, Lopez L, et al. Evaluation of marine microalga Nannochloropsis sp. as a potential dietary supplement. Chemical, nutritional and short term toxicological evaluation in rats. Nutr Res 1992; 12: 1273-84.
[19]
Garcia MV, Aguilera JA, Gil A, et al. Changes in plasma lipopro-teins and liver lipids in neonatal rats. Comp Biochem Physiol 1996; 113(4): 789-93.
[20]
Folch J, Lees M, Sloane-Stanley GA. Simple method for the isola-tion and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Biol Chem 1957; 226: 1861-9.
[21]
Fock KM, Khoo J. Diet and exercise in management of obesity and overweight. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28: 59-63.
[22]
Jarouliya U, Zacharia JA, Kumar P, et al. Alleviation of metabolic abnormalities induced by excessive fructose administration in Wistar rats by Spirulina maxima. Indian J Med Res 2012; 135: 422-8.
[23]
Cook LT, O’Reilly GA, Goran MI, et al. Vegetable consumption is linked to decreased visceral and liver fat and improved insulin re-sistance in overweight Latino youth. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114: 1776-83.
[24]
Damude HG, Kinney AJ. Enhancing plant seed oils for human nutrition. Plant Physiol 2008; 147(3): 962-8.
[25]
Ward OP, Singh A. Omega-3/6 fatty acids: Alternative sources of production. Process Biochem 2005; 40(12): 3627-52.
[26]
Li Y, Qin JG, Moore RB, et al. Perspectives of marine phytoplank-ton as a source of nutrition and bioenergy. In:Marine phytoplank-ton. Nova Science Pub Inc: New York 2009; p. 14.
[27]
Ravelli GP, Stein ZA, Susser MW. Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy. N Engl J Med 1976; 295(7): 349-53.
[28]
Parrish CC, Pathy DA, Angel A. Dietary fish oils limit adipose tissue hypertrophy in rats. Metabolism 1990; 39: 217-9.
[29]
Iwata K, Inayama T, Kato T. Effects of Spirulina platensis on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in fructose-induced hyper-lipidemic rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 1990; 36: 165-71.
[30]
Blé-Castillo JL, Rodrıguez-Hernandez A, Miranda-Zamora R, et al. Arthrospira maxima prevent the acute fatty liverinduced by the administration of simvastatin, ethanol and a hypercholesterolemic diet to mice. Life Sci 2002; 70: 2665-73.
[31]
Van-Beelen VA, Spenkelink B, Mooibroek H, et al. An n-3 PUFA-rich microalgal oil diet protects to a similar extent as a fish oil-rich diet against AOM-induced colonic aberrant cryp foci in F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47(2): 316-20.
[32]
Kato T, Takemoto K, Katayama H, et al. Effects of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) on dietary hypercholesterolemia in rats. J Jap Soc Nutr Food Sci 1984; 37: 323-32.
[33]
Gardner CD, Kraemer HC. Monounsaturated versus polyunsaturat-ed dietary fat and serum lipids. A meta-analysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15(11): 1917-27.
[34]
Balk EM, Lichtenstein AH, Chung M, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease risk: A sys-tematic review. Atherosclerosis 2006; 189: 19-30.
[35]
Lee JH, O’Keefe JH, Lavie CJ, et al. Omega-3fatty acids for cardi-oprotection. Mayo Clin Proc 2008; 83(3): 324-32.
[36]
Bechmann LP, Hannivoort RA, Gerken G, et al. The interaction of hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism in liver diseases. J Hepatol 2012; 56(4): 952-64.
[37]
Despres JP, Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature 2006; 444(7121): 881-7.
[38]
Mokady SA. Marine Unicellular alga in diets of pregnant and lactating rats as a source of ω3fatty acids for the developing brain of their progeny. J Sci Food Agric 1995; 68: 133-9.
[39]
Werman M, Sukenik A, Mokady S. Effects of the maine unicellu-lar alga Nannochloropsis sp. to reduce the plasma and liver cho- lesterol levels in male rats fed on diets with cholesterol. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2003; 67: 2266-8.
[40]
Delarue J, Le Guen V, Alain G, Corporeau C, Guillerm S. Can marine omega-3 fatty acids prevent and/or treat metabolic syndrome. Curr Nutr Food Sci 2007; 3(2): 151-6.
[41]
Buckley JD, Howe PR. Anti-obesity effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Obes Rev 2009; 10: 648-59.
[42]
Jones HN, Powell TL, Jansson T. Regulation of placental nutrient transport-a review. Placenta 2007; 28: 763-74.
[44]
Del PM, Delgado G, Villalpando S. Maternal lipid intake during pregnancy and lactation alters milk composition and production and litter growth in rats. J Nutr 1997; 127: 458-6.
[45]
Dong M, Zheng Q, Ford SP, et al. Maternal obesity, lipotoxicity and cardiovascular diseases in offspring. Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 55: 111-6.
[46]
Bayol SA, Farrington SJ, Stickland NC. A maternal ‘junk food’ diet in pregnancy and lactation promotes an exacerbated taste for ‘junk food’ and a greater propensity for obesity in rat offspring. Br J Nutr 2007; 843-51.
[47]
Orozco-SolísR, Matos RJ, Guzmán-Quevedo O, Nutritional programming in the rat is linked to long-lasting changes in nutrient sensing and energy homeostasis in the hypothalamus. PLoS One 2010; 5: 135-7.
Article Metrics
15
2