Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Alzheimer Research

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1567-2050
ISSN (Online): 1875-5828

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe Translate in Chinese
Research Article

Investigation of Low Dose Cabazitaxel Potential as Microtubule Stabilizer in Experimental Model of Alzheimer's Disease: Restoring Neuronal Cytoskeleton

Author(s): Pallavi Duggal, Kuldeep S. Jadaun, Ehraz M. Siqqiqui and Sidharth Mehan*

Volume 17, Issue 7, 2020

Page: [601 - 615] Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666201007120112

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Neuronal Microtubule (MT) tau protein, providing cytoskeleton to neuronal cells, plays a vital role, including maintenance of cell shape, intracellular transport, and cell division. Tau hyperphosphorylation mediated MT destabilization results in axonopathy, additionally neurotransmitter deficit and ultimately causing Alzheimer's disease. Pre-clinically, streptozotocin (3mg/kg, 10μl/ unilateral, ICV) stereotaxically mimics the behavioral and neurochemical alterations similar to Alzheimer's tau pathology resulting in MT assembly defects further lead to neuropathological cascades.

Objective: Clinically approved medications such as Donepezil (DNP), rivastigmine, and Memantine (MEM) are responsible for symptomatic care only, but there is no specific pharmacological intervention that directly interacts with the neuronal microtubule destabilization.

Methods: The current study focused on the involvement of anti-cancer agent microtubule stabilizer cabazitaxel at a low dose (0.5 and 2 mg/kg) alone and in combination with standard drugs DNP (5 mg/kg), MEM (10 mg/kg) and microtubule stabilizer Epothilone D (EpoD) (3 mg/kg) in the prevention of intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) intoxicated microtubule-associated tau protein hyperphosphorylation.

Results: Chronic treatment of CBZ at a low dose alone and in combination with standard drugs showing no side effect and significantly improve the cognitive impairment, neurochemical alterations along with reducing the level of hyperphosphorylated tau by preventing the breakdown of the neuronal cytoskeleton, respectively.

Conclusion: The above findings suggested that CBZ at low dose show neuroprotective effects against ICV-STZ induced microtubule-associated tau protein hyperphosphorylation in rats and may be an effective agent for the preventive treatment of AD.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, tau hyperphosphorylation, microtubule destabilization, Cabazitaxel, Donepezil, Epothilone D.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Singh A, Kumar A. Comparative analysis of intrahippocampal amyloid beta (1–42) and it is intracerebroventricularstreptozotocin models of Alzheimer’s disease: Possible behavioral, biochemical, mitochondrial, cellular and histopathological evidences. J Alzheimers Dis Parkinsonism 2016; 6(208): 2161-0460.
[2]
Solana C, Tarazona R, Solana R. Immunosenescence of Natural Killer Cells, Inflammation, and Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 2018:3128758.
[PMID: 30515321]
[3]
Prince M, Comas-Herrera A, Knapp M, et al. World Alzheimer report 2016: Improving healthcare for people living with dementia: Coverage, quality and costs now and in the future. Alzheimer Dis Intern 2016; pp. 1-140.
[4]
Nichols E, Szoeke CE, Vollset SE. GBD 2016 Dementia Collaborators Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18(1): 88-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30403-4] [PMID: 30497964]
[5]
Boumenir A, Cognat E, Sabia S, et al. CSF level of β-amyloid peptide predicts mortality in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2019; 11(1): 29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13195-019-0481-4] [PMID: 30922415]
[6]
Verdelho A, Gonçalves-Pereira M, Eds. Neuropsychiatric symptoms of cognitive impairment and dementia. Springer International Publishing 2017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39138-0]
[7]
Geschwind MD, Josephs KA, Parisi JE, Keegan BMA. 54-year-old man with slowness of movement and confusion. Neurology 2007; 69(19): 1881-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000290370.14036.69] [PMID: 17984457]
[8]
Chin-Chan M, Navarro-Yepes J, Quintanilla-Vega B. Environmental pollutants as risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9: 124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2015.00124] [PMID: 25914621]
[9]
Perez Ortiz JM, Swerdlow RH. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease: Role in pathogenesis and novel therapeutic opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176(18): 3489-507.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.14585] [PMID: 30675901]
[10]
Kamat PK. Streptozotocin induced Alzheimer’s disease like changes and the underlying neural degeneration and regeneration mechanism. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10(7): 1050-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.160076] [PMID: 26330820]
[11]
Castellani RJ, Perry G. Tau biology, tauopathy, traumatic brain injury, and diagnostic challenges. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 67(2): 447-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-180721] [PMID: 30584140]
[12]
Zhu C, Xu B, Sun X, Zhu Q, Sui Y. Targeting CCR3 to reduce amyloid-β production, tau hyperphosphorylation, and synaptic loss in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54(10): 7964-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-016-0269-5] [PMID: 27878757]
[13]
Alonso AD, Cohen LS, Corbo C, et al. Hyperphosphorylation of tau associates with changes in its function beyond microtubule stability. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12: 338.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2018.00338] [PMID: 30356756]
[14]
More SV, Kumar H, Cho DY, Yun YS, Choi DK. Toxin-induced experimental models of learning and memory impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17(9): 1447.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091447] [PMID: 27598124]
[15]
Moreira-Silva D, Carrettiero DC, Oliveira ASA, et al. Anandamide effects in a streptozotocin-induced alzheimer’s disease-like sporadic dementia in rats. Front Neurosci 2018; 12: 653.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00653] [PMID: 30333717]
[16]
Deng Y, Li B, Liu Y, Iqbal K, Grundke-Iqbal I, Gong CX. Dysregulation of insulin signaling, glucose transporters, O-GlcNAcylation, and phosphorylation of tau and neurofilaments in the brain: Implication for Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Pathol 2009; 175(5): 2089-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2009.090157] [PMID: 19815707]
[17]
Duggal P, Mehan S. Effect of microtubule stabilizer cabazitaxel in intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin induced Alzheimer’s disease in rats Intern J Pharm Life Sci 2019; 10(6): 21.
[PMID: 31435618] [http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ADR-190125]
[18]
Brandt R, Bakota L. Microtubule dynamics and the neurodegenerative triad of Alzheimer’s disease: The hidden connection. J Neurochem 2017; 143(4): 409-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnc.14011] [PMID: 28267200]
[19]
Khanna MR, Kovalevich J, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Brunden KR. Therapeutic strategies for the treatment of tauopathies: Hopes and challenges. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12(10): 1051-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.006] [PMID: 27751442]
[20]
Makani V, Zhang B, Han H, et al. Evaluation of the brain-penetrant microtubule-stabilizing agent, dictyostatin, in the PS19 tau transgenic mouse model of tauopathy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4(1): 106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40478-016-0378-4] [PMID: 27687527]
[21]
Varidaki A, Hong Y, Coffey ET. Repositioning microtubule stabilizing drugs for brain disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12: 226.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2018.00226] [PMID: 30135644]
[22]
Shemesh OA, Spira ME. Rescue of neurons from undergoing hallmark tau-induced Alzheimer’s disease cell pathologies by the antimitotic drug paclitaxel. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 43(1): 163-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2011.03.008] [PMID: 21406229]
[23]
Zhang B, Carroll J, Trojanowski JQ, et al. The microtubule-stabilizing agent, epothilone D, reduces axonal dysfunction, neurotoxicity, cognitive deficits, and Alzheimer-like pathology in an interventional study with aged tau transgenic mice. J Neurosci 2012; 32(11): 3601-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4922-11.2012] [PMID: 22423084]
[24]
Brunden KR, Yao Y, Potuzak JS, et al. The characterization of microtubule-stabilizing drugs as possible therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s disease and related tauopathies. Pharmacol Res 2011; 63(4): 341-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2010.12.002] [PMID: 21163349]
[25]
Cortes J, Baselga J. Targeting the microtubules in breast cancer beyond taxanes: The epothilones. Oncologist 2007; 12(3): 271-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.12-3-271] [PMID: 17405891]
[26]
Miller JH, Das V. Potential for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with natural products or synthetic compounds that stabilize microtubules. Curr Pharm Des 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200621171302] [PMID: 32564745]
[27]
Hung SY, Fu WM. Drug candidates in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24(1): 47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12929-017-0355-7] [PMID: 28720101]
[28]
Mendiola-Precoma J, Berumen LC, Padilla K, Garcia-Alcocer G. Therapies for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. BioMed Res Int 2016; 20162589276
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2589276] [PMID: 27547756]
[29]
Girard E, Ditzler S, Lee D, et al. Efficacy of cabazitaxel in mouse models of pediatric brain tumors. Neuro-oncol 2015; 17(1): 107-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nou163] [PMID: 25140037]
[30]
Tsao CK, Cutting E, Martin J, Oh WK. The role of cabazitaxel in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Ther Adv Urol 2014; 6(3): 97-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756287214528557] [PMID: 24883107]
[31]
Sulheim E, Mørch Y, Snipstad S, et al. Therapeutic Effect of cabazitaxel and blood-brain barrier opening in a patient-derived glioblastoma model. Nanotheranostics 2019; 3(1): 103-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ntno.31479] [PMID: 30899638]
[32]
De Placido S, Rescigno P, Federico P, et al. Cabazitaxel in castration resistant prostate cancer with brain metastases: 3 case reports. World J Clin Cases 2014; 2(6): 228-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v2.i6.228] [PMID: 24945013]
[33]
Barai P, Raval N, Acharya S, Acharya N. Bergenia ciliata ameliorates streptozotocin-induced spatial memory deficits through dual cholinesterase inhibition and attenuation of oxidative stress in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102: 966-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.115] [PMID: 29710552]
[34]
Brunden KR, Zhang B, Carroll J, et al. Epothilone D improves microtubule density, axonal integrity, and cognition in a transgenic mouse model of tauopathy. J Neurosci 2010; 30(41): 13861-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3059-10.2010] [PMID: 20943926]
[35]
Sun P, Ortega G, Tan Y, et al. Streptozotocin impairs proliferation and differentiation of adult hippocampal neural stem cells in vitro-corelation with alteration in expression of proteins associated with the insulin system. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10: 145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2018.00145] [PMID: 29867451]
[36]
Tucci P, Mhillaj E, Morgese MG, et al. Memantine prevents memory consolidation failure induced by soluble beta amyloid in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8: 332.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00332] [PMID: 25285073]
[37]
Kumar M, Bansal N. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester rescued streptozotocin-induced memory loss through PI3-kinase dependent pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101: 162-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.089] [PMID: 29486334]
[38]
Paxinos G, Watson CR, Emson PC. AChE-stained horizontal sections of the rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. J Neurosci Methods 1980; 3(2): 129-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(80)90021-7] [PMID: 6110810]
[39]
Rinwa P, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Pharmacological investigation of memory restorative effect of riluzole in mice. Indian J Pharmacol 2012; 44(3): 366-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.96337] [PMID: 22701248]
[40]
Lu F, Li X, Li W, et al. Tetramethylpyrazine reverses intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-induced memory deficits by inhibiting GSK-3β. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49(8): 722-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmx059] [PMID: 28633346]
[41]
Yang W, Ma J, Liu Z, Lu Y, Hu B, Yu H. Effect of naringenin on brain insulin signaling and cognitive functions in ICV-STZ induced dementia model of rats. Neurol Sci 2014; 35(5): 741-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-013-1594-3] [PMID: 24337945]
[42]
Xiong H, Zheng C, Wang J, et al. The neuroprotection of liraglutide on Alzheimer-like learning and memory impairment by modulating the hyperphosphorylation of tau and neurofilament proteins and insulin signaling pathways in mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 37(3): 623-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-130584] [PMID: 24008687]
[43]
Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 1984; 11(1): 47-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(84)90007-4] [PMID: 6471907]
[44]
Deka P, Kumar A. Pharmacological evaluation of TriphalaChurna in Streptozotocin induced dementia in rats. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2018; 3(10): 97-105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i3.22795]
[45]
Tiwari V, Kuhad A, Bishnoi M, Chopra K. Chronic treatment with tocotrienol, an isoform of vitamin E, prevents intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative-nitrosative stress in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 93(2): 183-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2009.05.009] [PMID: 19464315]
[46]
Singh SK, Srivastav S, Yadav AK, Srikrishna S, Perry G. Overview of Alzheimer’s disease and some therapeutic approaches targeting Aβ by using several synthetic and herbal compounds. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016; 20167361613
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7361613] [PMID: 27034741]
[47]
Da Cunha IC, José RF, Orlandi Pereira L, et al. The role of nitric oxide in the emotional learning of rats in the plus-maze. Physiol Behav 2005; 84(3): 351-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.12.005] [PMID: 15763571]
[48]
Tamaddonfard E, Farshid AA, Asri-Rezaee S, et al. Crocin improved learning and memory impairments in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2013; 16(1): 91-100.
[PMID: 23638297]
[49]
Wang D, Wang C, Liu L, Li S. Protective effects of evodiamine in experimental paradigm of Alzheimer’s disease. Cogn Neurodyn 2018; 12(3): 303-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11571-017-9471-z] [PMID: 29765479]
[50]
Arora RB, Kumar K, Deshmukh RR. FK506 attenuates intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2013; 24(7): 580-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0b013e32836546db] [PMID: 26057771]
[51]
Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V Jr, Feather-Stone RM. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 1961; 7(2): 88-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9] [PMID: 13726518]
[52]
Sedlak J, Lindsay RH. Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman’s reagent. Anal Biochem 1968; 25(1): 192-205.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(68)90092-4] [PMID: 4973948]
[53]
Mohamed LA, Tachikawa H, Gao XD, Nakanishi H. Yeast cell-based analysis of human lactate dehydrogenase isoforms. J Biochem 2015; 158(6): 467-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jb/mvv061] [PMID: 26126931]
[54]
Alam M, Minj E, Yadav R, Mehan S. Neuroprotective potential of adenyl cyclase/cAMP/CREB and mitochondrial CoQ10 activator in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis rats. Curr Bioact Compd 2020; •••: 16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573407216999200723113054]
[55]
Kono Y. Generation of superoxide radical during autoxidation of hydroxylamine and an assay for superoxide dismutase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 186(1): 189-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(78)90479-4] [PMID: 24422]
[56]
Kalra J, Kumar P, Majeed ABA, Prakash A. Modulation of LOX and COX pathways via inhibition of amyloidogenesis contributes to mitoprotection against β-amyloid oligomer-induced toxicity in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 146-147: 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2016.04.002] [PMID: 27106205]
[57]
Claiborne BJ, Selverston AI. Histamine as a neurotransmitter in the stomatogastric nervous system of the spiny lobster. J Neurosci 1984; 4(3): 708-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-03-00708.1984] [PMID: 6142932]
[58]
Tang Y, Liu HL, Min LX, et al. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid tau protein level as biomarkers for evaluating acute spinal cord injury severity and motor function outcome. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14(5): 896-902.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.249238] [PMID: 30688276]
[59]
Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Xie H, Wang Y, Liu L, Yan X. Alteration in amyloid β42, phosphorylated tau protein, interleukin 6, and acetylcholine during diabetes-accelerated memory dysfunction in diabetic rats: Correlation of amyloid β42 with changes in glucose metabolism. Behav Brain Funct 2015; 11(1): 24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12993-015-0069-5] [PMID: 26271247]
[60]
Donzanti BA, Yamamoto BK. An improved and rapid HPLC-EC method for the isocratic separation of amino acid neurotransmitters from brain tissue and microdialysis perfusates. Life Sci 1988; 43(11): 913-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(88)90267-6] [PMID: 2901021]
[61]
Jamwal S, Kumar P. Spermidine ameliorates 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced striatal toxicity: Possible role of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitters. Physiol Behav 2016; 155: 180-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.12.015] [PMID: 26703234]
[62]
Ibrahim AN, Attallah MI, Elnaggar RA. Combination of cholecalciferol and rivastigmine improves cognitive dysfunction and reduces inflammation in stz induced alzheimer’s model experimentally in rats. Egyp J Basic Clin Pharmacol 2018; p. 8.
[63]
Kaundal M, Akhtar M, Deshmukh R. Lupeol isolated from Betulaalnoides ameliorates amyloid beta induced neuronal damage via targeting various pathological events and alteration in neurotransmitter levels in rat’s brain. J Neurol Neurosci 2017; 8(3): 195.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21767/2171-6625.1000195]
[64]
Kumar A, Singh N. Calcineurin inhibition and protein kinase an activation limits cognitive dysfunction and histopathological damage in a model of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Curr Neurovasc Res 2018; 15(3): 234-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567202615666180813125125] [PMID: 30101704]
[65]
Neth BJ, Craft S. Insulin resistance and Alzheimer’s disease: Bioenergetic linkages. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9: 345.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00345] [PMID: 29163128]
[66]
Huang XB, Chen YJ, Chen WQ, Wang NQ, Wu XL, Liu Y. Neuroprotective effects of tenuigenin on neurobehavior, oxidative stress, and tau hyperphosphorylation induced by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin in rats. Brain Circ 2018; 4(1): 24-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/bc.BC_2_17] [PMID: 30276333]
[67]
Sharma M, Gupta YK. Intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin in rats produces both oxidative stress in the brain and cognitive impairment. Life Sci 2001; 68(9): 1021-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)01005-5] [PMID: 11212865]
[68]
Zhou S, Yu G, Chi L, et al. Neuroprotective effects of edaravone on cognitive deficit, oxidative stress and tau hyperphosphorylation induced by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin in rats. Neurotoxicology 2013; 38: 136-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2013.07.007] [PMID: 23932983]
[69]
Bancher C, Brunner C, Lassmann H, et al. Accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated τ precedes the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res 1989; 477(1-2): 90-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(89)91396-6] [PMID: 2495152]
[70]
Herrmann M, Golombowski S, Kräuchi K, et al. ELISA-quantitation of phosphorylated tau protein in the Alzheimer’s disease brain. Eur Neurol 1999; 42(4): 205-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000008108] [PMID: 10567816]
[71]
Veerendra Kumar MH, Gupta YK. Effect of Centella asiatica on cognition and oxidative stress in an intracerebroventricular streptozotocin model of Alzheimer’s disease in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2003; 30(5-6): 336-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1681.2003.03842.x] [PMID: 12859423]
[72]
Pathan AR, Viswanad B, Sonkusare SK, Ramarao P. Chronic administration of pioglitazone attenuates intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced-memory impairment in rats. Life Sci 2006; 79(23): 2209-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2006.07.018] [PMID: 16904700]
[73]
Mehan S, Verma A, Bedi KL, et al. Effect of mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitor in animal model of Alzheimer’s diseases. Intern J Pharma Profes Res 2011; 2(1): 177-88.
[74]
Li SQ, Yu Y, Han JZ, et al. Deficiency of macrophage migration inhibitory factor attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12(1): 177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-015-0396-3] [PMID: 26382037]
[75]
Zhang JM, An J. Cytokines, inflammation, and pain. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2007; 45(2): 27-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AIA.0b013e318034194e] [PMID: 17426506]
[76]
Francis PT. The interplay of neurotransmitters in Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Spectr 2005; 10(11): 6-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900014164] [PMID: 16273023]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
10
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy