Abstract
In this chapter, the basic formulation of the distinct element method is introduced, which will be followed by more discussions on the blocky and particle formulation of the DEM. This will be followed by some applications of the DEM to several types of problems. As the alternatives to the DEM, DDA and manifold for twodimensional and three-dimensional problems will be introduced with case studies. There are also many new numerical methods that have evolved in the last twenty years. For example, some recent continuity based methods as such as the SEM, SPH and MPM will also be introduced in this chapter, with applications to some slope failure problems in Hong Kong.
Keywords: DDA, Distinct element, Manifold, Meshless, MPM, Particle flow, SEM, SPH.
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