Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Cardiology Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-403X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6557

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Association Between Nutrients and Cardiovascular Diseases

Author(s): Amir Shakarami*

Volume 20, Issue 1, 2024

Published on: 05 January, 2024

Article ID: e050124225283 Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/011573403X263414231101095310

Price: $65

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) constitute a leading cause of global mortality. Inflammation and oxidative stress are key molecular underpinnings of CVD pathogenesis. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted role of nutrients in cardiovascular health beyond their impact on cardiac events. The manuscript examines the influence of macronutrients such as fats and carbohydrates, as well as micronutrients including vitamins and folate, on CVD. Additionally, the interplay between dietary supplements and CVD risk reduction is investigated. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive overview of the diverse mechanisms through which nutrients contribute to cardiovascular well-being, addressing both cardioprotective effects and their broader implications. Through an analysis of pertinent studies, we illuminate the complex relationship between nutrition, lifestyle, and cardiovascular health, underscoring the significance of a holistic approach to CVD prevention and management.

[1]
Hoyert DL, et al. 75 years of mortality in the United States, 1935-2010. NCHS Data Brief 2012; (88): 1-8.
[PMID: 22617094]
[2]
Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JHY, et al. Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: A presidential advisory from the American heart association. Circulation 2017; 136(3): e1-e23.
[3]
Mangge H, Becker K, Fuchs D, Gostner JM, et al. Antioxidants, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. World J Cardiol 2014; 6(6): 462-77.
[4]
Panth N, Paudel KR, Parajuli K, et al. Reactive oxygen species: A key hallmark of cardiovascular disease. Adv Med 2016; 9152732.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9152732]
[5]
Effect of diet on vascular health-Reviews in Clinical Gerontology- Cambridge Core. Available form: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/reviews-in-clinical-gerontology/article/abs/effect-of-diet-on-vascularhealth/31C24BAE02734707AAEE2F4ABF7978CE
[6]
Keys A, et al. Seven Countries: A multivariate analysis of death and coronary heart disease Seven Countries. Harvard University Press 2013.
[7]
Karam G, Agarwal A, Sadeghirad B, et al. Comparison of seven popular structured dietary programmes and risk of mortality and major cardiovascular events in patients at increased cardiovascular risk: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2023; 380: e072003.
[8]
Sunkara A, Raizner A, et al. Supplemental vitamins and minerals for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovasc J 2019; 15(3): 179-84.
[9]
Gheini A, Pourya A, Pooria A, et al. Atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachyarrhythmias: Advancements for better outcomes. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20(4): 249-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871529X20666201001143907] [PMID: 33001020]
[10]
Mente A, de Koning L, Shannon HS, et al. A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169(7): 659-69.
[11]
Ghafarzadeh M, Shakarami A, Yari F, Namdari P, et al. The comparison of side effects of methyldopa, amlodipine, and metoprolol in pregnant women with chronic hypertension. Hypertens Pregnancy 2020; 39(3): 314-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641955.2020.1766489] [PMID: 32420783]
[12]
Siri-Tarino PW, Chiu S, Bergeron N, Krauss RM, et al. Saturated fats versus polyunsaturated fats versus carbohydrates for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Annu Rev Nutr 2015; 35(1): 517-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034449] [PMID: 26185980]
[13]
Yu E, Rimm E, Qi L, et al. Diet, lifestyle, biomarkers, genetic factors, and risk of cardiovascular disease in the nurses’ health studies. Am J Public Health 2016; 106(9): 1616-23.
[14]
Widmer RJ, Flammer AJ, Lerman LO, Lerman A, et al. The mediterranean diet, its components, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 2015; 128(3): 229-38.
[15]
Gheini A, Shakarami A, Namdari P, Namdari M, Pooria A, et al. Frequency of recurrence of peripheral artery disease among angioplasty and stenting patients. Ann Med Surg 2021; 72: 103146.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103146] [PMID: 34925825]
[16]
Merigliano C, Mascolo E, Burla R, Saggio I, Vernì F, et al. The relationship between vitamin B-6, diabetes and cancer. Front Genet 2018; 9: 388.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00388] [PMID: 30271425]
[17]
Ulvik A, Midttun Ø, McCann A, et al. Tryptophan catabolites as metabolic markers of vitamin B-6 status evaluated in cohorts of healthy adults and cardiovascular patients. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111(1): 178-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz228] [PMID: 31557280]
[18]
Gostner JM, Kurz K, Fuchs D, et al. The significance of tryptophan metabolism and vitamin B-6 status in cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111(1): 8-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz291] [PMID: 31724698]
[19]
Zhao LG, Shu XO, Li HL, et al. Prospective cohort studies of dietary vitamin B6 intake and risk of cause-specific mortality. Clin Nutr 2019; 38(3): 1180-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.04.016] [PMID: 29764693]
[20]
Han J, Zhao C, Cai J, Liang Y, et al. Comparative efficacy of vitamin supplements on prevention of major cardiovascular disease: Systematic review with network meta-analysis. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 39: 101142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101142] [PMID: 32379630]
[21]
Lan X, Dang SN, Zhao YL, Yan H, Yan H, et al. Meta-analysis on effect of combined supplementation of folic acid, vitamin B12 and B6 on risk of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in randomized control trials. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2016; 37(7): 1028-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2016.07.024] [PMID: 27453118]
[22]
Pooria A, Pourya A, Gheini A, et al. Postoperative complications associated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery and their therapeutic interventions. Future Cardiologyvol 2020; 16(5)
[23]
Amer M, Qayyum R, et al. The relationship between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and homocysteine in asymptomatic adults. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2014; 99(2): 633-8.
[24]
Yuyun MF, Ng LL, Ng GA, et al. Endothelial dysfunction, endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability, tetrahydrobiopterin, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in cardiovascular disease. Where are we with therapy? Microvasc Res 2018; 119: 7-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2018.03.012] [PMID: 29596860]
[25]
Chen CH, Yang WC, Hsiao YH, Huang SC, Huang YC, et al. High homocysteine, low vitamin B-6, and increased oxidative stress are independently associated with the risk of chronic kidney disease. Nutrition 2016; 32(2): 236-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2015.08.016] [PMID: 26526964]
[26]
Qasim M, Bukhari SA, Ghani MJ, et al. Relationship of oxidative stress with elevated level of DNA damage and homocysteine in cardiovascular disease patients. Pak J Pharm Sci 2016; 29(6) (Suppl.): 2297-302.
[27]
Qin X, Li Y, Sun N, et al. Elevated homocysteine concentrations decrease the antihypertensive effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive patients. arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2017; 37: 166-72.
[28]
Yang Q, He G-W, et al. Imbalance of homocysteine and H2S: Significance, mechanisms, and therapeutic promise in vascular injury. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019.
[29]
Mao X, Xing X, Xu R, et al. Folic acid and vitamins D and B12 correlate with homocysteine in chinese patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease. Medicine 2016; 95(6): e2652.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000002652] [PMID: 26871790]
[30]
Recent insights into the role of vitamin B12 and Vitamin D upon cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329308231_Recent_Insights_into_the_Role_of_Vitamin_B12_and_Vitamin_D_upon_Cardiovascular_Mortality_A_Systematic_Review
[31]
Boachie J, Adaikalakoteswari A, Samavat J, Saravanan P, et al. Low vitamin B12 and lipid metabolism: evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies. Nutrients 2020; 12(7): 1925.
[32]
Al-Musharaf S, Aljuraiban GS. Danish Hussain S, Alnaami AM, Saravanan P, Al-Daghri N, et al. Low serum vitamin B12 levels are associated with adverse lipid profiles in apparently healthy young saudi women. Nutrients 2020; 12(8): 2395.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082395] [PMID: 32785129]
[33]
Pawlak R, et al. Is vitamin B12 deficiency a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in vegetarians? American J Preven Med 2015; 48(6): E11-26.
[34]
Foscolou A, Rallidis LS, Tsirebolos G, et al. The association between homocysteine levels, Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular disease: a case-control study. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 70(5): 603-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2018.1547688] [PMID: 30501542]
[35]
Bivona G, Agnello L, Ciaccio M, et al. The immunological implication of the new vitamin D metabolism. Cent Eur J Immunol 2018; 43(3): 331-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/ceji.2018.80053] [PMID: 30588177]
[36]
Zhao H, Li Y, Wu M, et al. Seasonal variation in the frequency of venous thromboembolism: An updated result of a meta-analysis and systemic review. Phlebology 2020; 35(7): 480-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355519897650] [PMID: 32036737]
[37]
Grant WB, Bhattoa HP, Boucher BJ, et al. Seasonal variations of U.S. mortality rates: Roles of solar ultraviolet-B doses, vitamin D, gene exp ression, and infections. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173: 5-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.003] [PMID: 28088363]
[38]
Yang J, Zhou M, Ou CQ, et al. Seasonal variations of temperature-related mortality burden from cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction in China. Environ Pollut 2017; 224: 400-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.020] [PMID: 28222981]
[39]
Schwarz N, Nicholls SJ, Psaltis PJ, et al. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Heart Lung and Circulation 2018; 27(8): 903-6.
[40]
Carrara D, Bruno RM, Bacca A, et al. Cholecalciferol treatment downregulates renin–angiotensin system and improves endothelial function in essential hypertensive patients with hypovitaminosid D. J Hypertens 2016; 34(11): 2199-205.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001072] [PMID: 27648718]
[41]
Rodríguez AJ, Scott D, Srikanth V, Ebeling P, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on measures of arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Endocrinol 2016; 84(5): 645-57.
[42]
Adamczak M, Surma S, Więcek A, et al. Vitamin D and arterial hypertension: Facts and myths. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22(8): 57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11906-020-01059-9] [PMID: 32671631]
[43]
Ni W, Watts SW, Ng M, Chen S, Glenn DJ, Gardner DG, et al. Elimination of vitamin D receptor in vascular endothelial cells alters vascular function. Hypertension 2014; 64(6): 1290-8.
[44]
Grübler MR, Gaksch M, Kienreich K, et al. Effects of vitamin d supplementation on plasma aldosterone and renin—a randomized placebo‐controlled trial. J Clin Hypertens 2016; 18(7): 608-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jch.12825] [PMID: 27098193]
[45]
Wong MSK, Delansorne R, Man RYK, Svenningsen P, Vanhoutte PM, et al. Chronic treatment with vitamin D lowers arterial blood pressure and reduces endothelium-dependent contractions in the aorta of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299(4): H1226-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00288.2010] [PMID: 20693391]
[46]
Pooria A, Pourya A, Gheini M, et al. Application of tissue-engineered interventions for coronary artery bypass grafts. Future Cardiol 2020; 16(6): 675-85.
[47]
Salem-Sokhn E, Salami A, Fawaz M, Eid AH, El Shamieh SH, et al. Helicobacter pylori interacts with serum vitamin D to influence hypertension. Curr Aging Sci 2021; 14(1): 26-31.
[48]
Zhang D, Cheng C, Wang Y, et al. Effect of vitamin D on blood pressure and hypertension in the general population: An update meta-analysis of cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Prev Chronic Dis 2020; 17: 190307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.190307] [PMID: 31922371]
[49]
Qi D, Nie X, Cai J, et al. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on hypertension in non-CKD populations: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2017; 227: 177-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.040] [PMID: 27866065]
[50]
Andrukhova O, Slavic S, Zeitz U, Riesen SC, et al. Vitamin D is a regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and arterial stiffness in mice. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28(1): 53-64.
[51]
Al-Bayyari N, Al-Zeidaneen S, Hailat R, Hamadneh J, et al. Vitamin D3 prevents cardiovascular diseases by lowering serum total homocysteine concentrations in overweight reproductive women: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nutr Res 2018; 59: 65-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2018.07.012] [PMID: 30442234]
[52]
Shakarami A, et al. An idiopathic case of precordial deep T-wave inversion. Ann Med Surg 2021; 71: 102959.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102959] [PMID: 34703593]
[53]
Legarth C, Grimm D, Krüger M, Infanger M, Wehland M, et al. Potential beneficial effects of vitamin D in coronary artery disease. Nutrients 2019; 12(1): 99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010099] [PMID: 31905893]
[54]
Hiemstra TF, Lim K, Thadhani R, Manson JE, et al. Vitamin D and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The journAl of clinicAl endocrinology & Metabolism 2019; 104(9): 4033-50.
[55]
Martinez-Moreno JM, Herencia C, Oca AM, et al. Vitamin D modulates tissue factor and protease‐activated receptor 2 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. FASEB J 2016; 30(3): 1367-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.15-272872] [PMID: 26700731]
[56]
Safaie N, Rezaee H, Seif Dvati B, Entezari-Maleki T, Vitamin D, et al. Vitamin D deficiency predicts the st elevation type of myocardial infarction in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Iran J Pharm Res 2018; 17 (Suppl.): 73-8.
[PMID: 29796031]
[57]
Kouvari M, Panagiotakos DB, Chrysohoou C, et al. Dietary vitamin D intake, cardiovascular disease and cardiometabolic risk factors: A sex‐based analysis from the ATTICA cohort study. J Hum Nutr Diet 2020; 33(5): 708-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12748] [PMID: 32266756]
[58]
Meems LMG, Cannon MV, Mahmud H, et al. The vitamin D receptor activator paricalcitol prevents fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in a murine model of pressure overload. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132(3-5): 282-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.06.004] [PMID: 22800987]
[59]
Şeker T, Gür M, Uçar H, et al. Lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with impaired myocardial performance and left ventricle hypertrophy in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Anatol J Cardiol 2015; 15(9): 744-50.
[60]
Qu H, Lin K, Wang H, et al. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 improves cardiac dysfunction, hypertrophy, and fibrosis through PARP1/SIRT1/mTOR‐related mechanisms in type 1 diabetes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61(5): 1600338.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201600338] [PMID: 27561793]
[61]
Qin X, Huo Y, Xie D, Hou F, Xu X, Wang X, et al. Homocysteine-lowering therapy with folic acid is effective in cardiovascular disease prevention in patients with kidney disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition 2013; 32(5): 722-7.
[62]
Pooria A, Azadbakht M, Khoshdani-farahani P, Pourya A, et al. Sigmoid volvulus after CABG surgery. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8(4): 606-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.2668] [PMID: 32274020]
[63]
Peng Y, Dong B, Wang Z, et al. Serum folate concentrations and all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality: A cohort study based on 1999–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Intern J Cardiolog 2016; 219: 136-42.
[64]
Jiang X, Yang F, Tan H, et al. Hyperhomocystinemia impairs endothelial function and eNOS activity via PKC activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25(12): 2515-1.
[65]
Herranz B, Marquez S, Guijarro B, Aracil E, et al. Integrin-linked kinase regulates vasomotor function by preventing endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling: Role in atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2012; 110(3): 439-9.
[66]
Kaye AD, Jeha GM, Pham AD, et al. Folic acid supplementation in patients with elevated homocysteine levels. Adv Ther 2020; 37: 4149-64.
[67]
Zhou L, Wen X, Peng Y, Guo M, Zhao L, et al. Red blood cell folate and severe abdominal aortic calcification: Results from the NHANES 2013–2014. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31(1): 186-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2020.08.020] [PMID: 32988723]
[68]
Ghafarzadeh M, Shakarami A, Yari F, et al. Prevention of preterm labor by isosorbide dinitrate and nitroglycerin patch. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2023.
[69]
Li Q, Xu S, Chen X, Zhang X, Li X, et al. Folic acid supplement use and increased risk of gestational hypertension. Hypertension 2020; 76(1): 150-6.
[70]
Liu X, Cui T, Li Y, et al. Vitamin A supplementation in early life enhances the intestinal immune response of rats with gestational vitamin A deficiency by increasing the number of immune cells. PLoS One 2014; 9(12): e114934.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114934] [PMID: 25503794]
[71]
Bitarafan S, Saboor-Yaraghi A, Sahraian M-A, et al. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on fatigue and depression in multiple sclerosis patients: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 15(1): 13-9.
[PMID: 26996107]
[72]
Barbalho SM, Goulart RA, Batista GLSA, et al. Vitamin A and inflammatory bowel diseases: From cellular studies and animal models to human disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 13(1): 25-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17474124.2019.1543588] [PMID: 30791845]
[73]
Macaluso FS, Ventimiglia M, Fries W, Viola A, et al. A propensity score weighted comparison of Vedolizumab, Adalimumab, and Golimumab in patients with ulcerative colitis. Digestive and Liver Disease 2020; 52(12): 1461-6.
[74]
Qi Y-J, Niu Q-L, Zhu X-L, Zhao X-Z, Yang W-W, Wang X-J, et al. Relationship between deficiencies in vitamin A and E and occurrence of infectious diseases among children. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2016; 20(23): 5009-12.
[75]
Harirchian MH, Mohammadpour Z, Fatehi F, Firoozeh N, Bitarafan S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to evaluating the trend of cytokines to vitamin A supplementation in autoimmune diseases. Clin Nutr 2019; 38(5): 2038-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.10.026] [PMID: 30473441]
[76]
Bruce D, Yu S, Ooi JH, Cantorna MT, et al. Converging pathways lead to overproduction of IL-17 in the absence of vitamin D signaling. International Immunology 2011; 23(8): 519-28.
[77]
Hirahara K, Ghoreschi K, Laurence A, Yang XP, Kanno Y, O’Shea JJ, et al. Signal transduction pathways and transcriptional regulation in Th17 cell differentiation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2010; 21(6): 425-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.10.006] [PMID: 21084214]
[78]
Ellulu MS, Rahmat A, Patimah I, Khaza’ai H, Abed Y, et al. Effect of vitamin C on inflammation and metabolic markers in hypertensive and/or diabetic obese adults: A randomized controlled trial. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2015; 9: 3405-12.
[79]
Mottaghi A, Ebrahimof S, Angoorani P, Saboor-Yaraghi A-A, et al. Vitamin A supplementation reduces IL-17 and RORc gene expression in atherosclerotic patients. Scand J Immunol 2014; 80(2): 151-7.
[80]
Shakarami A, Ghafarzadeh M, Yari F, Fathi L, et al. Association between maternal serum uric acid and preeclampsia. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128(6): 1434-7.
[81]
Miller AP, Coronel J, Amengual J, et al. The role of β-carotene and vitamin A in atherogenesis: Evidences from preclinical and clinical studies. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Mol Cell Biol Lipids 1865 2020; 158635.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158635]
[82]
Bonet ML, Ribot J, Palou A, et al. Lipid metabolism in mammalian tissues and its control by retinoic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821(1): 177-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.001] [PMID: 21669299]
[83]
Izma AZ, Sam LS, Nadeem AM, Russell D, et al. Scavenger receptor structure and function in health and disease. Cells 2015; 4(2): 178-201.
[84]
Relation of serum vitamin A levels to all-cause and cause-specific mortality among older adults in the NHANES III population. Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease 2014; 24(11): 1197-203.
[85]
Makariou SE, Elisaf M, Challa A, Tellis CC, Tselepis AD, Liberopoulos EN, et al. No effect of vitamin D administration plus dietary intervention on emerging cardiovascular risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Intermed Metab 2019; 16: 100093.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnim.2019.100093]
[86]
Mangione CM, Michael JB, Nicholson WK, et al. US Preventive services task force. vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA 2022; 327(23): 2326-33.
[87]
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: An updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. preventive services task force. Available from: https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00729?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org
[88]
Min YN, Niu ZY, Sun TT, et al. Vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation improves antioxidant status and immune function in oxidative-stressed breeder roosters by up-regulating expression of GSH-Px gene. Poult Sci 2018; 97(4): 1238-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex417] [PMID: 29452404]
[89]
Wallert M, Börmel L, Lorkowski S, et al. Inflammatory diseases and vitamin E-what do we know and where do we go? Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65(1): e2000097.
[90]
Aykutoglu G, Tartik M, Darendelioglu E, Ayna A, Baydas G, et al. Melatonin and vitamin E alleviate homocysteine‐induced oxidative injury and apoptosis in endothelial cells. Molecular Biology Reports 2020; 47: 5285-93.
[91]
Cordero Z, Drogan D, Weikert C, Boeing H, et al. Vitamin E and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A review of epidemiologic and clinical trial studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50(5): 420-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408390802304230] [PMID: 20373188]
[92]
Munteanu A, Zingg JM, et al. Cellular, molecular and clinical aspects of vitamin E on atherosclerosis prevention. Mol Aspects Med 2007; 28(5-6): 538-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2007.07.001] [PMID: 17825403]
[93]
Moser M, Chun O, et al. Vitamin C and Heart Health: A review based on findings from epidemiologic studies. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17(8): 1328.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17081328] [PMID: 27529239]
[94]
Ashor AM, Lara J, Mathers JC, Siervo M, et al. Effect of vitamin C on endothelial function in health and disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. RE:view 2014; 235(1): 9-20.
[95]
Cozzolino M, Mangano M, Stucchi A, Ciceri P, Conte F, Galassi A, et al. Cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 33: iii28-34.
[96]
Isola G, Polizzi A, Muraglie S, Leonardi R, Lo Giudice A, et al. Assessment of vitamin C and antioxidant profiles in saliva and serum in patients with periodontitis and ischemic heart disease. Nutrients 2019; 11(12): 2956.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11122956] [PMID: 31817129]
[97]
Jayedi A, Rashidy-Pour A, Parohan M, Zargar MS, Shab-Bidar S, et al. Dietary and circulating vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and risk of total cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Public Health Nutr 2019; 22(10): 1872-87.
[98]
Ertunc ME, Hotamisligil GS, et al. Lipid signaling and lipotoxicity in metaflammation: Indications for metabolic disease pathogenesis and treatment. J Lipid Res 2016; 57(12): 2099-114.
[99]
Amirzadegan A, Shakarami A, Borumand MA, Davoodi G, Ghaffari-Marandi N, Jalali A, et al. Correlation between plasma adiponectin levels and the presence and severity of coronary artery disease. J Teh Univ Heart Ctr 2013; 8(3)
[100]
Lim CC, Hayes RB, Ahn J, et al. Mediterranean diet and the association between air pollution and cardiovascular disease mortality risk. Circulation 2019; 139(15): 1766-75.
[101]
Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, Covas M-I, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. N Engl J Med 2018; 378-e34.
[102]
Konstantinov IE, Mejevoi N, Anichkov NM, et al. Nikolai N. Anichkov and his theory of atherosclerosis. Tex Heart Inst J 2006; 33(4): 417-23.
[103]
Wan EYF, Yu EYT, Chin WY, et al. Greater variability in lipid measurements associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality: A 10‐year diabetes cohort study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22(10): 1777-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dom.14093] [PMID: 32452623]
[104]
Shaimaa AK, Noha AD, Osama EB, Malak TL, Meabed MH, et al. Effect of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism on lipid profile in Egyptian children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The Egyptian Rheumatologist 2022; 44(3): 251-5.
[105]
Collins DRJ, Tompson AC, Onakpoya IJ, Roberts N, Ward AM, Heneghan CJ, et al. Global cardiovascular risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: Systematic review of systematic reviews. BMJ Open 2017; 7(3): e013650.
[106]
Willett WC, et al. Dietary fats and coronary heart disease. J Intern Med 2012; 272(1): 13-24.
[107]
Hooper L, Martin N, Abdelhamid A, Smith GD, et al. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015.
[108]
Volk BM, Laura JK, Freidenreich DJ, Kupchak BR, Saenz C, et al. Effects of step-wise increases in dietary carbohydrate on circulating saturated fatty acids and palmitoleic acid in adults with metabolic syndrome. PLoS ONE 2014; 9(11): e113605.
[109]
Khan SU, Khan MU, Riaz H, Valavoor S, Zhao D, et al. Effects of nutritional supplements and dietary interventions on cardiovascular outcomes: An umbrella review and evidence map. Ann Intern Med 2019; 171(3): 190-8.
[110]
Halcox JP, Banegas JP, Roy C, Dallongeville J, et al. Prevalence and treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in Europe: EURIKA, a cross-sectional observational study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017; 17(1): 160.
[111]
Borén J, Olin K, Lee I, Chait A, Wight TN, Innerarity TL, et al. Identification of the principal proteoglycan-binding site in LDL. A single-point mutation in apo-B100 severely affects proteoglycan interaction without affecting LDL receptor binding. J Clin Invest 1998; 101(12): 2658-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI2265] [PMID: 9637699]
[112]
Toth P, et al. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins as a causal factor for cardiovascular disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2016; 12: 171-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S104369] [PMID: 27226718]
[113]
Doi H, Kugiyama K, Oka H, et al. Remnant lipoproteins induce proatherothrombogenic molecules in endothelial cells through a redox-sensitive mechanism. Circulation 2000; 102(6): 670-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.102.6.670] [PMID: 10931808]
[114]
Brian AF, Kastelein JP, Ray KK, et al. Association of triglyceride-lowering LPL variants and LDL-C–Lowering LDLR variants with risk of coronary heart disease. JAMA 2019; 321(4): 364-73.
[115]
Børge GN, Benn M, Schnohr P, et al. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA 2007; 298(3): 299-308.
[116]
Gheini A, Pooria A, Pourya A, et al. Evaluating mortality rate and associated parameters in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Cardio Hema Dis Drug Targ 2020; 20(3): 221-6.
[117]
Seidelmann SB, Claggett B, Cheng S, Henglin M, Shah A, Steffen LM, et al. Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: A prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. Lan Pub Heal 2018; 3(9): E419-28.
[118]
Jakobsen MU, Dethlefsen C, Joensen AM, et al. Intake of carbohydrates compared with intake of saturated fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction: importance of the glycemic index. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91(6): 1764-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.29099] [PMID: 20375186]
[119]
Krauss RM, Blanche PJ, Rawlings RS, Fernstrom HS, Williams PT, et al. Separate effects of reduced carbohydrate intake and weight loss on atherogenic dyslipidemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83(5): 1025-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1025] [PMID: 16685042]
[120]
Micha R, Mozaffarian D, et al. Saturated fat and cardiometabolic risk factors, coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: A fresh look at the evidence. Lipids 2010; 45(10): 893-905.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-010-3393-4] [PMID: 20354806]
[121]
Dehghan M, Mente A, Zhang X, Swaminathan S, Li W, Mohan V, et al. Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): A prospective cohort study. The Lancet 2017; 390(10107): 2050-62.
[122]
Pooria A, Pourya A, Gheini A, et al. Animal‐ and human‐based evidence for the protective effects of stem cell therapy against cardiovascular disorders. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234(9): 14927-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.28330] [PMID: 30811030]
[123]
Ma Y, Su C, Wang H, Wang Z, Liang H, Zhang B, et al. Relationship between carbohydrate intake and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Chinese adults: Data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2019; 28(3): 520-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.201909_28(3).0011] [PMID: 31464398]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy