Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

The Role of Antioxidants in the Prevention of Cadmium-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction

Author(s): Camila Cruz Pereira Almenara, Thiago F. Oliveira and Alessandra S. Padilha*

Volume 26, Issue 30, 2020

Page: [3667 - 3675] Pages: 9

DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200415172338

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Cadmium is a worldwide spread toxicant that accumulates in tissues and affects many organs, mainly through oxidative damage. Oxidative stress is often associated with cardiovascular diseases and, when it affects vessels, it induces endothelial dysfunction, which, in turn, could precipitate atherosclerosis and hypertension. Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest antioxidant supplementation as a therapy against cadmiuminduced endothelial dysfunction.

Objective: This literature review aims to present the mechanisms involving oxidative stress in which cadmium induces endothelial dysfunction and the benefits of antioxidant supplementation as a therapeutic strategy against its harmful effects.

Methods: On PubMed Central, articles that contemplated studies on cadmium intoxication and associated oxidative stress with endothelial dysfunction as well as articles that reported the use of antioxidant supplementation in an attempt to prevent or avoid endothelial dysfunction induced by cadmium exposure were selected.

Results: Most of the studies that associated cadmium intoxication with endothelial dysfunction suggested oxidative stress as the major mechanism for this damage. Furthermore, experimental studies also revealed that the administration of substances with antioxidant properties, such as ascorbic acid and curcumin, has beneficial effects on the prevention of such dysfunction, reducing reactive oxygen species within the vessels, preventing a reduction in the amount of glutathione and the increase in blood pressure observed in animals exposed to cadmium.

Conclusion: Antioxidant therapy demonstrated to be a potential treatment to reduce cardiovascular injuries provoked by cadmium, but more studies are needed to determine the best antioxidant substance and dose to treat or avoid this complication.

Keywords: Cadmium, cardiovascular diseases, oxidative stress, endothelium, vascular, hypertension, atherosclerosis, antioxidants.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Almenara CCP, Broseghini-Filho GB, Vescovi MVA, et al. Chronic cadmium treatment promotes oxidative stress and endothelial damage in isolated rat aorta. PLoS One 2013; 8(7): e68418.Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23874620
[2]
Eum KD, Lee MS, Paek D. Cadmium in blood and hypertension. Sci Total Environ 2008; 407(1): 147-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.037] [PMID: 18845316]
[3]
Donpunha W, Kukongviriyapan U, Sompamit K, Pakdeechote P, Kukongviriyapan V, Pannangpetch P. Protective effect of ascorbic acid on cadmium-induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction in mice. Biometals 2011; 24(1): 105-15.Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20872046
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10534-010-9379-0]
[4]
Tellez-Plaza M, Navas-Acien A, Crainiceanu CM, Guallar E. Cadmium exposure and hypertension in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116(1): 51-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10764] [PMID: 18197299]
[5]
Oliveira TF, Batista PR, Leal MA, et al. Chronic cadmium exposure accelerates the development of atherosclerosis and induces vascular dysfunction in the aorta of ApoE-/-mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 187(1): 163-71.
[PMID: 29707746]
[6]
Knoflach M, Messner B, Shen YH, et al. Non-toxic cadmium concentrations induce vascular inflammation and promote atherosclerosis. Circ J 2011; 75(10): 2491-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-11-0196] [PMID: 21799275]
[7]
Navas-Acien a, Selvin E, Sharrett a R, et al. Lead, cadmium, smoking, and increased risk of peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2004; 109(25): 3196-201.
[8]
Liu J, Qu W, Kadiiska MB. Role of oxidative stress in cadmium toxicity and carcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 238(3): 209-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.01.029] [PMID: 19236887]
[9]
Tellez-Plaza M, Navas-Acien A, Menke A, Crainiceanu CM, Pastor- Barriuso R, Guallar E. Cadmium exposure and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the U.S. general population. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120(7): 1017-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104352] [PMID: 22472185]
[10]
Nriagu JO, Pacyna JM. Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature 1988; 333(6169): 134-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/333134a0] [PMID: 3285219]
[11]
Nriagu JO. A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals. Nature 1989; 338: 47-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/338047a0]
[12]
Copes R, Clark NA, Rideout K, Palaty J, Teschke K. Uptake of cadmium from Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in British Columbia oyster growers. Environ Res 2008; 107(2): 160-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.01.014] [PMID: 18358470]
[13]
Bottino F, Milan JAM, Cunha-Santino MB, Bianchini I Jr. Influence of the residue from an iron mining dam in the growth of two macrophyte species. Chemosphere 2017; 186: 488-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.030] [PMID: 28806677]
[14]
Jurdziak M, Gać P, Poręba M, Szymańska-Chabowska A, Mazur G, Poręba R. Concentration of thyrotropic hormone in persons occupationally exposed to lead, cadmium and arsenic. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 182(2): 196-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-1096-x] [PMID: 28726072]
[15]
Zhou Z, Lu Y-H, Pi H-F, et al. Cadmium exposure is associated with the prevalence of dyslipidemia. Cell Physiol Biochem 2016; 40(3-4): 633-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000452576] [PMID: 27898410]
[16]
Hassler E, Lind B, Piscator M. Cadmium in blood and urine related to present and past exposure. A study of workers in an alkaline battery factory. Br J Ind Med 1983; 40(4): 420-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.40.4.420] [PMID: 6626470]
[17]
Roels H, Djubgang J, Buchet JP, Bernard A, Lauwerys R. Evolution of cadmium-induced renal dysfunction in workers removed from exposure. Scand J Work Environ Health 1982; 8(3): 191-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2476] [PMID: 7156938]
[18]
Jiao W, Chen W, Chang AC, Page AL. Environmental risks of trace elements associated with long-term phosphate fertilizers applications: a review. Environ Pollut 2012; 168: 44-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.052] [PMID: 22591788]
[19]
Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Kazi NG, et al. Evaluation of cadmium, lead, nickel and zinc status in biological samples of smokers and nonsmokers hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 2010; 24(1): 34-43. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/ articlerender. fcgi?artid=3011091&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
[20]
Satarug S, Baker JR, Urbenjapol S, et al. A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population. Toxicol Lett 2003; 65-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00381-8]
[21]
Abu-Hayyeh S, Sian M, Jones KG, Manuel A, Powell JT. Cadmium accumulation in aortas of smokers. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21(5): 863-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.21.5.863] [PMID: 11348888]
[22]
Faroon O, Ashizawa A, Wright S, et al. Toxicological profile for cadmium. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2012.
[23]
WHO Friberg L, Elinder C-G, Kjellström T, Programme. UNE, International Labour Organisation, et al. Cadmium. Task Group on Environmental Health Criteria for Cadmium. World Health Organization. 1992.
[24]
Vacchi-Suzzi C, Kruse D, Harrington J, Levine K, Meliker JR. Is urinary cadmium a biomarker of long-term exposure in humans? A Review. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 3(4): 450-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40572-016-0107-y] [PMID: 27696280]
[25]
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization Beryllium, cadmium, mercury, and exposures in the glass manufacturing industry 1993; 444
[26]
Satarug S, Baker JR, Reilly PEB, Esumi H, Moore MR. Evidence for a synergistic interaction between cadmium and endotoxin toxicity and for nitric oxide and cadmium displacement of metals in the kidney. Nitric Oxide - Biol Chem 2000; 4(4): 431-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/niox.2000.0295]
[27]
World Health Organization. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants Forty-first Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 1993.
[28]
Fagerberg B, Barregard L, Sallsten G, et al. Cadmium exposure and atherosclerotic carotid plaques--results from the Malmö diet and Cancer study. Environ Res 2015; 136: 67-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.11.004] [PMID: 25460622]
[29]
Weeks ME, Leicester HM. Discovery of the elements. J Chem Educ 1968.
[30]
Alsberg CL, Schwartze EW. Pharmacological action of cadmium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1919; 13: 504-5.
[31]
Aoki A, Hoffer AP. Reexamination of the lesions in rat testis caused by cadmium. Biol Reprod 1978; 18(4): 579-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod18.4.579] [PMID: 207367]
[32]
Fende PL, Niewenhuis RJ. An electron microscopic study of the effects of cadmium chloride on cryptorchid testes of the rat. Biol Reprod 1977; 16(3): 298-305.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod16.3.298] [PMID: 14739]
[33]
Satarug S, Nishijo M, Ujjin P, Vanavanitkun Y, Moore MR. Cadmium-induced nephropathy in the development of high blood pressure. Toxicol Lett 2005; 157(1): 57-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.01.004] [PMID: 15795094]
[34]
Staessen JA, Kuznetsova T, Roels HA, Emelianov D, Fagard R. Public Health and Environmental Exposure to Cadmium Study Group. Exposure to cadmium and conventional and ambulatory blood pressures in a prospective population study. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13(2): 146-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(99)00187-9] [PMID: 10701814]
[35]
Staessen JA, Buchet JP, Ginucchio G, et al. Working Groups. Public health implications of environmental exposure to cadmium and lead: an overview of epidemiological studies in Belgium. J Cardiovasc Risk 1996; 3(1): 26-41. Available from : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8783028
[36]
Sompamit K, Kukongviriyapan U, Donpunha W, Nakmareong S, Kukongviriyapan V. Reversal of cadmium-induced vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress by meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in mice. Toxicol Lett 2010; 198(1): 77-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.04.007] [PMID: 20399841]
[37]
Gökalp O, Ozdem S, Dönmez S, et al. Impairment of endothelium dependent vasorelaxation in cadmium-hypertensive rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25(7): 447-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233709106822] [PMID: 19648216]
[38]
Fadloun Z, Leach GDH. The effects of cadmium ions on blood pressure, dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity and on the responsiveness of in vivo preparations to sympathetic nerve stimulation, noradrenaline and tyramine. J Pharm Pharmacol 1981; 33(10): 660-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1981.tb13894.x] [PMID: 6117620]
[39]
Martynowicz H, Skoczyńska A, Wojakowska A, Turczyn B. Serum vasoactive agents in rats poisoned with cadmium. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2004; 17(4): 479-85.http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb. cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=med4&NEWS=N&AN=15852763
[PMID: 15852763]
[40]
Skoczynska A, Martynowicz H. The impact of subchronic cadmium poisoning on the vascular effect of nitric oxide in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2005; 24(7): 353-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327105ht536oa] [PMID: 16119249]
[41]
Kolluru GK, Tamilarasan KP, Geetha Priya S, Durgha NP, Chatterjee S. Cadmium induced endothelial dysfunction: consequence of defective migratory pattern of endothelial cells in association with poor nitric oxide availability under cadmium challenge. Cell Biol Int 2006; 30(5): 427-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.02.002] [PMID: 16616865]
[42]
Tokushige A, Higashino H, Searle BM, et al. Cadmium effect on the Na,K-ATPase system in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 1984; 6(1): 20-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.6.1.20] [PMID: 6141142]
[43]
Vassallo DV, Almenara CCP, Broseghini-Filho GB, et al. Preliminary studies of acute cadmium administration effects on the calcium- activated potassium (SKCa and BKCa) channels and Na+/K+- atpase activity in isolated aortic rings of rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017.
[PMID: 28905315]
[44]
Jacobson KB, Turner JE. The interaction of cadmium and certain other metal ions with proteins and nucleic acids. Toxicology 1980; 16(1): 1-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483X(80)90107-9] [PMID: 6250252]
[45]
Angeli JK, Cruz Pereira CA, de Oliveira Faria T, Stefanon I, Padilha AS, Vassallo DV. Cadmium exposure induces vascular injury due to endothelial oxidative stress: the role of local angiotensin II and COX-2. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65: 838-48.Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23973752
[46]
Prozialeck WC, Edwards JR, Woods JM. The vascular endothelium as a target of cadmium toxicity. Life Sci 2006; 79(16): 1493-506.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2006.05.007] [PMID: 16765992]
[47]
Houtman JPW. Prolonged low-level cadmium intake and atherosclerosis. Sci Total Environ 1993; 138(1-3): 31-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(93)90402-R] [PMID: 8259493]
[48]
Snyder SH, Bredt DS. Biological roles of nitric oxide. Scientific American 1992; 266: 68-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0592-68]
[49]
Palmer RMJ, Ferrige AG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 1987; 327(6122): 524-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/327524a0] [PMID: 3495737]
[50]
Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43(2): 109-42.Available from: . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 1852778
[51]
Vanhoutte PM, Eber B. Endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1991; 103(14): 405-11.
[PMID: 1926867]
[52]
Rubanyi GM, Vanhoutte PM. Oxygen-derived free radicals, endothelium, and responsiveness of vascular smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Circ Physiol 1986; 250(5 Pt 2): H815-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1986.250.5.H815]
[53]
Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 1980; 288(5789): 373-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/288373a0] [PMID: 6253831]
[54]
Cannon RO. Role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular disease: focus on the endothelium. Clin Chem 1998; 44(8 Pt 2): 1809-19.Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9702990
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/44.8.1809]
[55]
Butler AR, Megson IL, Wright PG. Diffusion of nitric oxide and scavenging by blood in the vasculature. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998; 1425(1): 168-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(98)00065-8] [PMID: 9813307]
[56]
Joshi MS, Ferguson TB Jr, Han TH, et al. Nitric oxide is consumed, rather than conserved, by reaction with oxyhemoglobin under physiological conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99(16): 10341-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.152149699] [PMID: 12124398]
[57]
Stroes E, Hijmering M, van Zandvoort M, Wever R, Rabelink TJ, van Faassen EE. Origin of superoxide production by endothelial nitric oxide synthase. FEBS Lett 1998; 438(3): 161-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01292-7] [PMID: 9827538]
[58]
Taniyama Y, Griendling KK. Reactive oxygen species in the vasculature: molecular and cellular mechanisms. Hypertension 2003; 42(6): 1075-81.Available from:. http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/ doi/10.1161/01.HYP.0000100443.09293.4F
[59]
Bolisetty S, Jaimes EA. Mitochondria and reactive oxygen species: physiology and pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14(3): 6306-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms14036306] [PMID: 23528859]
[60]
Förstermann U, Münzel T. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular disease: from marvel to menace. Circulation 2006; 113(13): 1708-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.602532] [PMID: 16585403]
[61]
Drummond GR, Selemidis S, Griendling KK, Sobey CG. Combating oxidative stress in vascular disease: NADPH oxidases as therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10(6): 453-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3403] [PMID: 21629295]
[62]
Patetsios P, Song M, Shutze WP, et al. Identification of uric acid and xanthine oxidase in atherosclerotic plaque. Am J Cardiol. 2001; 88(2): 188-91., A6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01621-6] [PMID: 11448423]
[63]
Li H, Förstermann U. Uncoupling of endothelial NO synthase in atherosclerosis and vascular disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13(2): 161-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2013.01.006] [PMID: 23395155]
[64]
Li H, Hortmann M, Daiber A, et al. Cyclooxygenase 2-selective and nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce oxidative stress by up-regulating vascular NADPH oxidases. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326(3): 745-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.108.139030] [PMID: 18550689]
[65]
Dröge W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev 2002; 82(1): 47-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00018.2001] [PMID: 11773609]
[66]
Thannickal VJ, Fanburg BL. Reactive oxygen species in cell signaling. Am J Physiol- Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 279(6): L1005-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.6.L1005]
[67]
Bretón-Romero R, Lamas S. Hydrogen peroxide signaling in vascular endothelial cells. Redox Biol 2014; 2(1): 529-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2014.02.005] [PMID: 24634835]
[68]
Bertin G, Averbeck D. Cadmium: cellular effects, modifications of biomolecules, modulation of DNA repair and genotoxic consequences (a review). Biochimie 2006; 88(11): 1549-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2006.10.001] [PMID: 17070979]
[69]
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free Radicals in biology and medicine free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford University Press 2015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717478.001.0001]
[70]
Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39(1): 44-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001] [PMID: 16978905]
[71]
Siems WG, Grune T, Esterbauer H. 4-Hydroxynonenal formation during ischemia and reperfusion of rat small intestine. Life Sci 1995; 57(8): 785-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(95)02006-5] [PMID: 7637552]
[72]
Stadtman ER. Role of oxidant species in aging. Curr Med Chem 2004; 11(9): 1105-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867043365341] [PMID: 15134509]
[73]
Galle J. Oxidative stress in chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16(11): 2135-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/16.11.2135] [PMID: 11682656]
[74]
Sosa V, Moliné T, Somoza R, Paciucci R, Kondoh H. LLeonart ME. Oxidative stress and cancer: an overview. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12(1): 376-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2012.10.004] [PMID: 23123177]
[75]
Incalza MA, D’Oria R, Natalicchio A, Perrini S, Laviola L, Giorgino F. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species in endothelial dysfunction associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 100(100): 1-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2017.05.005] [PMID: 28579545]
[76]
Kitamura M, Hiramatsu N. The oxidative stress: endoplasmic reticulum stress axis in cadmium toxicity. Biometals 2010; 23(5): 941-50.Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20130962
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10534-010-9296-2]
[77]
Molavi B, Mehta JL. Oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease: molecular basis of its deleterious effects, its detection, and therapeutic considerations. Curr Opin Cardiol 2004; 19(5): 488-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15316458Available from:.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hco.0000133657.77024.bd]
[78]
Yoopan N, Watcharasit P, Wongsawatkul O, Piyachaturawat P, Satayavivad J. Attenuation of eNOS expression in cadmium induced hypertensive rats Toxicol Lett 2008; 176(2): 157-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18155860Available from:.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.11.002]
[79]
Ozturk IM, Buyukakilli B, Balli E, Cimen B, Gunes S, Erdogan S. Determination of acute and chronic effects of cadmium on the cardiovascular system of rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2009; 19(4): 308-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15376510802662751] [PMID: 19778222]
[80]
Ferramola ML, Antón RI, Anzulovich AC, Giménez MS. Myocardial oxidative stress following sub-chronic and chronic oral cadmium exposure in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 32(1): 17-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21787725Available from:.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2011.03.002]
[81]
Wolf MB, Baynes JW. Cadmium and mercury cause an oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction. Biometals 2007; 20(1): 73-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10534-006-9016-0] [PMID: 16752219]
[82]
Sorescu D, Weiss D, Lassègue B, et al. Superoxide production and expression of nox family proteins in human atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002; 105(12): 1429-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000012917.74432.66] [PMID: 11914250]
[83]
Amberger A, Maczek C, Jürgens G, et al. Co-expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, ELAM-1 and Hsp60 in human arterial and venous endothelial cells in response to cytokines and oxidized low-density lipoproteins. Cell Stress Chaperones 1997; 2(2): 94-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1379/1466-1268(1997)002<0094:CEOIVE>2.3.CO;2] [PMID: 9250400]
[84]
Cuypers A, Plusquin M, Remans T, et al. Cadmium stress: an oxidative challenge. Biometals 2010; 23(5): 927-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10534-010-9329-x] [PMID: 20361350]
[85]
Waisberg M, Joseph P, Hale B, Beyersmann D. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicology. Elsevier Ireland Ltd 2003; 192: 95-117.
[86]
Wang Y, Fang J, Leonard SS, Rao KMK. Cadmium inhibits the electron transfer chain and induces reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36(11): 1434-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.03.010] [PMID: 15135180]
[87]
Macias-Barragan J, Huerta-Olvera SG, Hernandez-Cañaveral I, Pereira-Suarez AL, Montoya-Buelna M. Cadmium and α-lipoic acid activate similar de novo synthesis and recycling pathways for glutathione balance. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 52: 38-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.03.007] [PMID: 28366867]
[88]
Crowther MA. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2005; 436-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2005.1.436] [PMID: 16304416]
[89]
Kumar A, Cannon CP. Acute coronary syndromes: Diagnosis and management, part I.Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Elsevier Ltd 2009; 917-38.
[90]
Haytowitz DB. Information from USDA’s Nutrient Data Bank. J Nutr 1995; 125(7): 1952-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/125.7.1952] [PMID: 7616313]
[91]
Heitzer T, Schlinzig T, Krohn K, Meinertz T, Münzel T. Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001; 104(22): 2673-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hc4601.099485] [PMID: 11723017]
[92]
Weber P, Bendich A, Schalch W. Vitamin C and human health--a review of recent data relevant to human requirements. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1996; 66(1): 19-30.
[PMID: 8698541]
[93]
Seifi B, Kadkhodaee M, Karimian SM, Zahmatkesh M, Shams S, Bakhshi E. Reduction of kidney damage by supplementation of vitamins C and E in rats with deoxycorticosterone-salt-induced hypertension. Iran J Kidney Dis 2009; 3(4): 197-202.Available from:. http:///www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19841522
[94]
Lu SC. Glutathione synthesis Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects. 2013; 1830: 3143-53.
[95]
Kukongviriyapan U, Pannangpetch P, Kukongviriyapan V, Donpunha W, Sompamit K, Surawattanawan P. Curcumin protects against cadmium-induced vascular dysfunction, hypertension and tissue cadmium accumulation in mice. Nutrients 2014; 6(3): 1194-208.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu6031194] [PMID: 24662163]
[96]
Singh S, Aggarwal BB. Activation of transcription factor NF-κ B is suppressed by curcumin (diferuloylmethane). J Biol Chem 1995; 270(42): 24995-5000.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.42.24995] [PMID: 7559628]
[97]
Rahman I, Biswas SK, Kirkham PA. Regulation of inflammation and redox signaling by dietary polyphenols. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72(11): 1439-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2006.07.004] [PMID: 16920072]
[98]
Kusumaningrum PA, Yustinasari LR, Hamid IS, et al. Protective effect of Polygonum minus leaves ethanol extract on cadmium chloride- induced alteration of aortic histopathology in mice (Mus musculus). Indian Vet J 2019; 96(7): 39-42.
[99]
Nwokocha CR, Baker A, Douglas D, McCalla G, Nwokocha M, Brown PD. Apocynin ameliorates cadmium-induced hypertension through elevation of endothelium nitric oxide synthase. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2013; 13(4): 357-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12012-013-9216-0] [PMID: 23703608]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
20
3
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy