Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Vascular Pharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-1611
ISSN (Online): 1875-6212

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Coronary Calcium Risk Score and Cardiovascular Risk

Author(s): Angelica Lehker and Debabrata Mukherjee*

Volume 19, Issue 3, 2021

Published on: 03 April, 2020

Page: [280 - 284] Pages: 5

DOI: 10.2174/1570161118666200403143518

Price: $65

Abstract

The association between the presence of coronary artery calcium (CAC) and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been appreciated for decades. In this review, we critically appraise the role of CAC based on computerized tomography in contemporary risk stratification. Available evidence suggests that the measurement of CAC is a useful modality in many patients for more precise risk stratification and prognostic determination. Whether newer CAC score incorporating extra coronary calcification will add incremental value, especially for stroke and other non-coronary vascular outcomes, needs a prospective study.

Keywords: Coronary artery calcium, coronary artery disease, computerized tomography, agatston score, statin therapy, CT scanners.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Margolis JR, Chen JT, Kong Y, Peter RH, Behar VS, Kisslo JA. The diagnostic and prognostic significance of coronary artery calcification. A report of 800 cases. Radiology 1980; 137(3): 609-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.137.3.7444045] [PMID: 7444045]
[2]
Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M Jr, Detrano R. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15(4): 827-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(90)90282-T] [PMID: 2407762]
[3]
Rumberger JA, Brundage BH, Rader DJ, Kondos G. Electron beam computed tomographic coronary calcium scanning: a review and guidelines for use in asymptomatic persons. Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74(3): 243-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/74.3.243] [PMID: 10089993]
[4]
Callister TQ, Cooil B, Raya SP, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ, Raggi P. Coronary artery disease: improved reproducibility of calcium scoring with an electron-beam CT volumetric method. Radiology 1998; 208(3): 807-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.208.3.9722864] [PMID: 9722864]
[5]
Carr JJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Terry JG, et al. Association of coronary artery calcium in adults aged 32 to 46 years with incident coronary heart disease and death. JAMA Cardiol 2017; 2(4): 391-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2016.5493] [PMID: 28196265]
[6]
Mitchell JD, Paisley R, Moon P, et al. Coronary artery calcium and long-term risk of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke: the walter reed cohort study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2017.
[PMID: 29153576]
[7]
Cho I, Al’Aref SJ, Berger A, et al. Prognostic value of coronary computed tomographic angiography findings in asymptomatic individuals: a 6-year follow-up from the prospective multicentre international CONFIRM study. Eur Heart J 2018; 39(11): 934-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx774] [PMID: 29365193]
[8]
Ferencik M, Pencina KM, Liu T, et al. Coronary artery calcium distribution is an independent predictor of incident major coronary heart disease events: results from the framingham heart study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10(10): 10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.117.006592] [PMID: 28956774]
[9]
Criqui MH, Knox JB, Denenberg JO, et al. Coronary artery calcium volume and density: potential interactions and overall predictive value: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10(8): 845-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.04.018] [PMID: 28797404]
[10]
Criqui MH, Denenberg JO, Ix JH, et al. Calcium density of coronary artery plaque and risk of incident cardiovascular events. JAMA 2014; 311(3): 271-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.282535] [PMID: 24247483]
[11]
Hodgson JM, Reddy KG, Suneja R, Nair RN, Lesnefsky EJ, Sheehan HM. Intracoronary ultrasound imaging: correlation of plaque morphology with angiography, clinical syndrome and procedural results in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21(1): 35-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(93)90714-C] [PMID: 8417074]
[12]
Hou ZH, Lu B, Gao Y, et al. Prognostic value of coronary CT angiography and calcium score for major adverse cardiac events in outpatients. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5(10): 990-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.06.006] [PMID: 23058065]
[13]
Thomas IC, Shiau B, Denenberg JO, et al. Association of cardiovascular disease risk factors with coronary artery calcium volume versus density. Heart 2018; 104(2): 135-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311536] [PMID: 28814488]
[14]
Blaha MJ, Mortensen MB, Kianoush S, Tota-Maharaj R, Cainzos-Achirica M. Coronary artery calcium scoring: is it time for a change in methodology? JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10(8): 923-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.05.007] [PMID: 28797416]
[15]
Messenger B, Li D, Nasir K, Carr JJ, Blankstein R, Budoff MJ. Coronary calcium scans and radiation exposure in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 32(3): 525-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10554-015-0799-3] [PMID: 26515964]
[16]
O’Rourke RA, Brundage BH, Froelicher VF, et al. American college of cardiology/American heart association expert consensus document on electron-beam computed tomography for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2000; 102(1): 126-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.102.1.126] [PMID: 10880426]
[17]
Stein PD, Yaekoub AY, Matta F, Sostman HD. 64-slice CT for diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a systematic review. Am J Med 2008; 121(8): 715-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.02.039] [PMID: 18691486]
[18]
Haberl R, Tittus J, Böhme E, et al. Multislice spiral computed tomographic angiography of coronary arteries in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: an effective filter before catheter angiography? Am Heart J 2005; 149(6): 1112-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2005.02.048] [PMID: 15976796]
[19]
McBride CB, Cheezum MK, Gore RS, Pathirana IN, Slim AM, Villines TC. Coronary artery calcium testing in symptomatic patients: an issue of diagnostic efficiency. Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep 2013; 6(3): 211-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12410-013-9198-0] [PMID: 23795234]
[20]
Villines TC, Hulten EA, Shaw LJ, et al. Prevalence and severity of coronary artery disease and adverse events among symptomatic patients with coronary artery calcification scores of zero undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography: results from the CONFIRM (Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter) registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58(24): 2533-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.10.851] [PMID: 22079127]
[21]
Mitchell JD, Fergestrom N, Gage BF, et al. Impact of statins on cardiovascular outcomes following coronary artery calcium scoring. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72(25): 3233-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.051] [PMID: 30409567]
[22]
Ikegami Y, Inoue I, Inoue K, et al. The annual rate of coronary artery calcification with combination therapy with a PCSK9 inhibitor and a statin is lower than that with statin monotherapy. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2018; 4: 7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41514-018-0026-2] [PMID: 29951223]
[23]
Martin SS, Blaha MJ, Blankstein R, et al. Dyslipidemia, coronary artery calcium, and incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: implications for statin therapy from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation 2014; 129(1): 77-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003625] [PMID: 24141324]
[24]
Greenland P, Alpert JS, Beller GA, et al. 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2010; 122(25): e584-636.
[PMID: 21098428]
[25]
Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: executive summary: a report of the American college of cardiolo-gy/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol2018 2018.
[PMID: 30423391]
[26]
Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, et al. 2016 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: the sixth joint task force of the European society of cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Atherosclerosis 2016; 252: 207-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.037] [PMID: 27664503]
[27]
Hecht H, Blaha MJ, Berman DS, et al. Clinical indications for coronary artery calcium scoring in asymptomatic patients: Expert consensus statement from the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2017; 11(2): 157-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2017.02.010] [PMID: 28283309]
[28]
Lin JS, Evans CV, Johnson E, Redmond N, Coppola EL, Smith N. Nontraditional risk factors in cardiovascular disease risk assessment: updated evidence report and systematic review for the us preventive services task force. JAMA 2018; 320(3): 281-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.4242] [PMID: 29998301]
[29]
Greenland P, Blaha MJ, Budoff MJ, Erbel R, Watson KE. Coronary calcium score and cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72(4): 434-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.05.027] [PMID: 30025580]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
56
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy