Abstract
Numerous systems and organs are affected by stress. In this review we will focus on the effects in brain. Some of the most impressive effects of the stress in brain are the atrophy of hippocampal dendrites or even the reduction of the hippocampal size observed in brains from subjects exposed to severe or chronic stress. Obviously, before reaching this point of damage there are many other processes taking place in the stressed CNS. The release of glucocorticoids is one of the first features of the stress response. Glucocorticoids can result in neurotoxicity through different mechanisms, including modifications in the energy metabolism or via an increase in excitatory amino acids such as glutamate in the extracellular space. Glutamate can induce neuronal excitotoxicity. This sequence of events leads to the activation of TNFα convertase (TACE) and TNFα release in brain of rats subjected to restraint stress. One of the multiple effects exerted by this cytokine is to initiate the translocation of the transcription factor NFκB to neuronal nuclei. NFκB activation results in the induction of iNOS and COX2, two enzymes responsible for a great portion of the neurological damage produced in models of stress.
Keywords: ACTH, superoxide dismutase, NMDA, cytokines, transcription factor family, NOS isoenzyme
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
Title: Stress-Induced Oxidative Changes in Brain
Volume: 5 Issue: 5
Author(s): Jose L. M. Madrigal, Borja Garcia-Bueno, Javier R. Caso, Beatriz G. Perez-Nievas and Juan C. Leza
Affiliation:
Keywords: ACTH, superoxide dismutase, NMDA, cytokines, transcription factor family, NOS isoenzyme
Abstract: Numerous systems and organs are affected by stress. In this review we will focus on the effects in brain. Some of the most impressive effects of the stress in brain are the atrophy of hippocampal dendrites or even the reduction of the hippocampal size observed in brains from subjects exposed to severe or chronic stress. Obviously, before reaching this point of damage there are many other processes taking place in the stressed CNS. The release of glucocorticoids is one of the first features of the stress response. Glucocorticoids can result in neurotoxicity through different mechanisms, including modifications in the energy metabolism or via an increase in excitatory amino acids such as glutamate in the extracellular space. Glutamate can induce neuronal excitotoxicity. This sequence of events leads to the activation of TNFα convertase (TACE) and TNFα release in brain of rats subjected to restraint stress. One of the multiple effects exerted by this cytokine is to initiate the translocation of the transcription factor NFκB to neuronal nuclei. NFκB activation results in the induction of iNOS and COX2, two enzymes responsible for a great portion of the neurological damage produced in models of stress.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
M. Madrigal L. Jose, Garcia-Bueno Borja, Caso R. Javier, Perez-Nievas G. Beatriz and Leza C. Juan, Stress-Induced Oxidative Changes in Brain, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2006; 5 (5) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152706778559327
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152706778559327 |
Print ISSN 1871-5273 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1996-3181 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Neuroendocrine Responses to Inflammation
Current Pharmaceutical Design Random Walks on Biomedical Networks
Current Proteomics Anticonvulsant Effect of the Essential Oil and Methanolic Extracts of <i>Zataria multiflora</i> Boiss
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Pharmacological Inhibition of Voltage-gated Ca<sup>2+</sup> Channels for Chronic Pain Relief
Current Neuropharmacology Nanoparticles as a Carrier System for Drug Delivery Across Blood Brain Barrier
Current Drug Metabolism Serum Thiol-Disulphide Levels in Epileptic Pediatric Patients
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Combined Virtual Screening Strategies
Current Computer-Aided Drug Design Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Control of Neuronal Activity and as Targets for Development of Anti-Epileptogenic Drugs
Current Medicinal Chemistry Pramipexole Tachyphylaxis and its Management in Bipolar Depression
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors and Interacting Proteins in Epileptogenesis
Current Neuropharmacology Nanoemulgel: A Promising Phase in Drug Delivery
Current Pharmaceutical Design Establishing Genomic/Transcriptomic Links Between Alzheimer’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Meta-Analysis Approach
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Editorial (Hot Topic: Organic Solute Transporters and Diseases: Potential Therapeutic Targets)
Current Molecular Pharmacology Hallucinations Associated with Topiramate Therapy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Current Drug Safety Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to Treat Refractory Panic Disorder Patient: A Case Report
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Drug Repurposing: An Emerging Tool for Drug Reuse, Recycling and Discovery
Current Drug Research Reviews Central Sensitisation Phenomena in Primary Headaches: Overview of a Preventive Therapeutic Approach
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Brain Permeable Nanoparticles
Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery (Discontinued) Meet the Editorial Board
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Therapeutic Approaches to Eradicate Latent HIV-1 in Resting CD4+ T Cells
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry