‘Toll’ Gates for Future Immunotherapy

Title: ‘Toll’ Gates for Future Immunotherapy

Volume: 12 Issue: 32

Author(s): Ken J. Ishii, Satoshi Uematsu and Shizuo Akira

Affiliation:

Keywords: Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase, Oligodeoxyribonucleic acids, TNF receptor-associated factor 6, immunological disorders, TLR antagonists

Abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionary conserved transmembrane proteins that recognize a unique pattern of molecules derived from pathogens or damaged cells, triggering robust but defined innate immune responses. TLRmediated innate and/or adaptive immune responses play an important role in a variety of diseases including infectious diseases, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, allergy, and atherosclerosis. Each TLR displays a differential expression pattern, intracellular localization and signaling pathway, resulting in distinct immune responses. A variety of new TLR ligands including agonists (e.g. urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein as a TLR4 ligand, siRNA as TLR3 or 7 ligand, Plasmodium falciparum Hemozoin as a TLR9 ligand, Profilin-like protein in Toxoplasma gondii as a TLR11 ligand) and antagonists (G-rich oligodeoxynucleotides as antagonist for TLR9) have been identified, and some of other TLR ligands are already under clinical trials. The manipulation or intervention of TLR-mediated immune responses is a possible multiple ‘Toll’ gate for future developments of immunotherapies.

Cite this article as:

Ishii J. Ken, Uematsu Satoshi and Akira Shizuo, ‘Toll’ Gates for Future Immunotherapy, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2006; 12 (32) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206778743484