Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionary conserved transmembrane proteins that recognize a unique pattern of molecules derived from pathogens or damaged cells, triggering robust but defined innate immune responses. TLRmediated innate and/or adaptive immune responses play an important role in a variety of diseases including infectious diseases, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, allergy, and atherosclerosis. Each TLR displays a differential expression pattern, intracellular localization and signaling pathway, resulting in distinct immune responses. A variety of new TLR ligands including agonists (e.g. urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein as a TLR4 ligand, siRNA as TLR3 or 7 ligand, Plasmodium falciparum Hemozoin as a TLR9 ligand, Profilin-like protein in Toxoplasma gondii as a TLR11 ligand) and antagonists (G-rich oligodeoxynucleotides as antagonist for TLR9) have been identified, and some of other TLR ligands are already under clinical trials. The manipulation or intervention of TLR-mediated immune responses is a possible multiple ‘Toll’ gate for future developments of immunotherapies.
Keywords: Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase, Oligodeoxyribonucleic acids, TNF receptor-associated factor 6, immunological disorders, TLR antagonists
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: ‘Toll’ Gates for Future Immunotherapy
Volume: 12 Issue: 32
Author(s): Ken J. Ishii, Satoshi Uematsu and Shizuo Akira
Affiliation:
Keywords: Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase, Oligodeoxyribonucleic acids, TNF receptor-associated factor 6, immunological disorders, TLR antagonists
Abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionary conserved transmembrane proteins that recognize a unique pattern of molecules derived from pathogens or damaged cells, triggering robust but defined innate immune responses. TLRmediated innate and/or adaptive immune responses play an important role in a variety of diseases including infectious diseases, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, allergy, and atherosclerosis. Each TLR displays a differential expression pattern, intracellular localization and signaling pathway, resulting in distinct immune responses. A variety of new TLR ligands including agonists (e.g. urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein as a TLR4 ligand, siRNA as TLR3 or 7 ligand, Plasmodium falciparum Hemozoin as a TLR9 ligand, Profilin-like protein in Toxoplasma gondii as a TLR11 ligand) and antagonists (G-rich oligodeoxynucleotides as antagonist for TLR9) have been identified, and some of other TLR ligands are already under clinical trials. The manipulation or intervention of TLR-mediated immune responses is a possible multiple ‘Toll’ gate for future developments of immunotherapies.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Ishii J. Ken, Uematsu Satoshi and Akira Shizuo, ‘Toll’ Gates for Future Immunotherapy, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2006; 12 (32) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206778743484
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206778743484 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Editorial: (Thematic Issue: Autoimmune diseases: What have we learned from mice?)
Current Pharmaceutical Design Micro- and Nano-particulate Strategies for Antigen Specific Immune Tolerance to Treat Autoimmune Diseases
Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Metformin - The Drug for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases; A New Use of a Known Anti-Diabetic Drug
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry A Review on Defects of Dendritic Cells in Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase: A Potential Target for the Development of Drugs to Treat T-Cell- and Apicomplexan Parasite-Mediated Diseases
Current Drug Targets Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: Medical and Societal Impact
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Design, Synthesis and In Vitro Release Studies of Co-Drugs for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Human Fetal Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Oral Contraceptives and Autoimmune Diseases
Current Women`s Health Reviews Structure, Function and Biological Relevance of Prolyl Oligopeptidase
Current Protein & Peptide Science Pharmacological Modulation of Caspase Activation
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents Therapeutic Strategies in Autoimmune Diseases by Interfering with Leukocyte Endothelium Interaction
Current Pharmaceutical Design CD24 in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis: Targeting Redundancy for Immunotherapy?
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) The Yin and Yang of Non-Neuronal α7-Nicotinic Receptors in Inflammation and Autoimmunity
Current Drug Targets Serological Electrodetection of Rheumatoid Arthritis Using Mimetic Peptide
Protein & Peptide Letters Novel Superactive Leptin Antagonists and their Potential Therapeutic Applications
Current Pharmaceutical Design TNF, Cell Death and Inflammation
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents NF-κB-IKKβ Pathway as a Target for Drug Development: Realities, Challenges and Perspectives
Current Drug Targets Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors from Poxviruses with An Emphasis on Tanapoxvirus-2L Protein
Recent Patents on DNA & Gene Sequences Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy with Hypsarrhythmia (Infantile Spasms/West Syndrome) and Immunity
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry