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Current Diabetes Reviews

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ISSN (Print): 1573-3998
ISSN (Online): 1875-6417

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Research Article

Cardiovascular Autonomic Reflex Tests and 7 Heart Rate Variability Indices for Early Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Individuals

Author(s): Yeelen Ballesteros Atala*, Mozânia Reis De Matos*, Denise Engelbrecht Zantut-Wittmann, Alejandro Rosell Castillo, Daniele P Santos-Bezerra, Maria Lucia Correa-Giannella* and Maria Cândida Ribeiro Parisi*

Volume 18, Issue 4, 2022

Published on: 06 January, 2022

Article ID: e270821195908 Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/1573399817666210827130339

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a common complication of type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2D), and prevalence varies according to the methodology used. CAN should be diagnosed in the subclinical stage when an intensive treatment of T2D could avoid the progression to irreversible phases.

Objective: Determine the prevalence of early involvement (EI) of CAN in T2D individuals comparing two methodologies.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that included 183 T2D individuals who were monitored in a Tertiary centre. The diagnosis of CAN was based on the results of four cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests (CARTs: expiration-inspiration index, Valsalva maneuver, orthostatic test, and changes in blood pressure after standing) and of seven heart rate variability (7HRV) indices (CARTs plus the spectral analysis). The findings were validated in an independent cohort comprised of 562 T2D individuals followed in a Primary care setting.

Results: With the use of 7HRV, 30.6% and 77.8% of individuals in the Tertiary and in the Primary centers, respectively, were classified as without CAN; 25.1% and 15.3% as EI and 44.3% and 6.9% as definitive CAN, respectively. The use of CARTs decreased the proportion of individuals without CAN in both centers (7.1% and 47%) and increased the frequency of EI (30.6% and 36.6%) and definitive CAN (62.3% and 16.4%), respectively. The concordance between both evaluated methodologies was weak.

Conclusion: Higher proportions of T2D individuals were diagnosed with EI and with definitive CAN with the use of CARTs.

Keywords: Cardiac autonomic neuropathy, diabetes mellitus, diabetic neuropathy, autonomic dysfunction, CARTs, heart rate variability.

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