Abstract
The strategy used for the treatment of given brain cancer is critical in determining the post effects and survival. An oncological diagnosis of tumor evaluates a range of parameters such as shape, size, volume, location and neurological complexity that define the symptomatic severity. The evaluation determines a suitable treatment approach chosen from a range of options such as surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation therapy and other targeted therapies. Often, a combination of such therapies is applied to achieve superior results. Radiotherapy serves as a better treatment strategy because of a higher survival rate. It offers the flexibility of synergy with other treatment strategies and fewer side effects on organs at risk. This review presents a radiobiological perspective in the treatment of brain tumor. The cause, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, post-treatment effects and the framework involved in its elimination are summarized.
Keywords: Radiation therapy, brain cancer, treatment options, ionizing radiation therapy, post-radiation effects, carbon-ion therapy.
Graphical Abstract
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1414440]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00428-010-0934-4] [PMID: 20499087]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-012-0389-0] [PMID: 22492238]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.203] [PMID: 23183635]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semradonc.2006.04.003] [PMID: 17010903]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70082-8] [PMID: 19573801]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14338/IJPT-15-00013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2016.00140] [PMID: 27376030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/79/9/096702] [PMID: 27540827]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2016.18] [PMID: 27009394]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.183] [PMID: 19949433]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09553000802641151] [PMID: 19280465]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3016(98)00196-5] [PMID: 9747813]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semradonc.2012.11.005] [PMID: 23473691]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2015.09.019] [PMID: 26653836]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00236.x] [PMID: 19076777]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000326597.60605.27] [PMID: 18809838]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2007.07.008] [PMID: 17964021]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/codon.glioblastoma.2017.ch8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.01.027] [PMID: 23601608]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2012-100742] [PMID: 22864249]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920291506150106151847] [PMID: 25646073]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2009-1070] [PMID: 19363256]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/4.4.278] [PMID: 12356358]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2018.00123] [PMID: 29732319]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2006.044586] [PMID: 17873116]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2152-7806.189296] [PMID: 27625888]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cam4.682] [PMID: 26972449]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nos208] [PMID: 22952197]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23741] [PMID: 18798534]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909376] [PMID: 25211777]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4046] [PMID: 28656257]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/REVEH.2008.23.1.1] [PMID: 18557596]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15228517-2008-093] [PMID: 19001097]
[PMID: 19008990]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2012.27.9.999] [PMID: 22969244]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-013-0382-x] [PMID: 23423737]
[PMID: 26380552]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-9966-30-10] [PMID: 21244695]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.03.018] [PMID: 29759555]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.25] [PMID: 24569448]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2016.00030] [PMID: 27252942]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10541] [PMID: 12173339]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2004.12.149] [PMID: 15254054]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nop045] [PMID: 20511193]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2005.090266] [PMID: 16547083]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v5.i3.273] [PMID: 26425442]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c67bce] [PMID: 20018637]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr/18061999] [PMID: 22433832]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157015912800604470] [PMID: 23204982]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7100122] [PMID: 28946652]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nov065] [PMID: 25921022]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S65874] [PMID: 26089669]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.111622] [PMID: 22431898]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/rg.26si065513] [PMID: 17050514]
[PMID: 1588618]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1977.47.3.0329] [PMID: 894339]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00146086] [PMID: 8699228]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410120302] [PMID: 6753729]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(10)60536-X] [PMID: 3767508]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/S1152851703000668] [PMID: 15279716]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0699-62] [PMID: 10349732]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009685.pub2] [PMID: 24474579]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr900208x] [PMID: 19583428]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1209598] [PMID: 16892093]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7997877] [PMID: 7997877]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867013371996] [PMID: 11562278]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BSR20150089] [PMID: 26182432]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3489291] [PMID: 3489291]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00063-7] [PMID: 10335731]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.23083] [PMID: 29637627]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fon.11.111] [PMID: 22044206]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cbr.2006.531] [PMID: 17627411]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.73324] [PMID: 21119247]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2005.11.005] [PMID: 16916701]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2007.03.010] [PMID: 17478086]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.02.001] [PMID: 20510301]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2011.11.004] [PMID: 22130630]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3016(00)00441-7] [PMID: 10802357]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/51/13/R21] [PMID: 16790913]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/era.10.175] [PMID: 21342048]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2017.00300] [PMID: 29312882]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-1-5] [PMID: 11432756]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S65594] [PMID: 26604838]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.01.001] [PMID: 19427561]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1120/jacmp.v17i5.6327] [PMID: 27685136]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.08.012] [PMID: 30114462]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2016.03.006] [PMID: 27084590]
[PMID: 30496011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.12.055] [PMID: 30625409]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/851/1/012033]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2009.08.001] [PMID: 19932450]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14338/IJPT-18-00026.1] [PMID: 31773021]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(03)01191-4] [PMID: 12965273]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-37-442-727] [PMID: 14217730]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(80)90175-3] [PMID: 7007303]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/373560] [PMID: 22135673]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.05.018] [PMID: 29883875]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-79301998000100002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1967.tb34865.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-10-606] [PMID: 21050498]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2016.00139] [PMID: 27376029]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2018.00134] [PMID: 29867445]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mp.13403] [PMID: 30689205]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1269/jrr.09132] [PMID: 20173313]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11030297] [PMID: 30832346]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00099] [PMID: 28220126]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2004.040360] [PMID: 15146035]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.217.2.r00nv36377] [PMID: 11058631]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sctm.18-0123] [PMID: 30328686]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00701-018-3762-y] [PMID: 30535852]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40487-016-0016-0] [PMID: 28261639]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2152-7806.99936] [PMID: 23050204]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.07.002] [PMID: 22819718]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/cns-2016-0002] [PMID: 27230974]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/16.CJON.S1.2-8] [PMID: 27668386]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2013.83] [PMID: 23670107]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/wo.2014.39840] [PMID: 24876823]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.01.039] [PMID: 29408768]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11940-013-0255-4] [PMID: 23979905]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2004.045740]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers10110431] [PMID: 30424475]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11910-013-0346-3] [PMID: 23512689]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30441-2] [PMID: 28687377]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743132812Y.0000000064] [PMID: 22747714]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.72.7842] [PMID: 28640708]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13674.1] [PMID: 29770198]