Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Protein & Peptide Science

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-2037
ISSN (Online): 1875-5550

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Biochemical Characteristics and Allergenic Activity of Common Fungus Allergens

Author(s): Lisha Li, Kai Guan* and Song Guo Zheng*

Volume 21, Issue 2, 2020

Page: [170 - 185] Pages: 16

DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190712121243

Price: $65

Abstract

Fungi form a large kingdom with more than 1.5 million species. Fungal spores are universal atmospheric components and are generally recognized as important causes of allergic disorders, including allergic rhinitis, allergic rhinosinusitis, asthma, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The 4 genera which have the closest connection with allergic disorder are Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium. The cDNA sequences of many fungi allergens and the amino acids involved in their immunoglobulin E binding and T-cell activation have already been elucidated. Until now, 111 allergens from 29 fungal genera have been approved by the International Allergen Nomenclature Sub-committee. This review mainly focuses on the biochemical characteristics and allergenic activity of important allergens from common environmental fungi.

Keywords: Fungus, allergen, respiratory allergy, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Gravesen, S. Fungi as a cause of allergic disease. Allergy, 1979, 34(3), 135-154.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1979.tb01562.x] [PMID: 40448]
[2]
Salvaggio, J.; Aukrust, L. Postgraduate course presentations. Mold-induced asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1981, 68(5), 327-346.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(81)90131-7] [PMID: 7028841]
[3]
Crameri, R.; Garbani, M.; Rhyner, C.; Huitema, C. Fungi: the neglected allergenic sources. Allergy, 2014, 69(2), 176-185.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.12325] [PMID: 24286281]
[4]
Twaroch, T.E.; Curin, M.; Valenta, R.; Swoboda, I. Mold allergens in respiratory allergy: from structure to therapy. Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res., 2015, 7(3), 205-220.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4168/aair.2015.7.3.205] [PMID: 25840710]
[5]
Bousquet, J.; Khaltaev, N.; Cruz, A.A.; Denburg, J.; Fokkens, W.J.; Togias, A.; Zuberbier, T.; Baena-Cagnani, C.E.; Canonica, G.W.; van Weel, C.; Agache, I.; Aït-Khaled, N.; Bachert, C.; Blaiss, M.S.; Bonini, S.; Boulet, L.P.; Bousquet, P.J.; Camargos, P.; Carlsen, K.H.; Chen, Y.; Custovic, A.; Dahl, R.; Demoly, P.; Douagui, H.; Durham, S.R.; van Wijk, R.G.; Kalayci, O.; Kaliner, M.A.; Kim, Y.Y.; Kowalski, M.L.; Kuna, P.; Le, L.T.; Lemiere, C.; Li, J.; Lockey, R.F.; Mavale-Manuel, S.; Meltzer, E.O.; Mohammad, Y.; Mullol, J.; Naclerio, R.; O’Hehir, R.E.; Ohta, K.; Ouedraogo, S.; Palkonen, S.; Papadopoulos, N.; Passalacqua, G.; Pawankar, R.; Popov, T.A.; Rabe, K.F.; Rosado-Pinto, J.; Scadding, G.K.; Simons, F.E.; Toskala, E.; Valovirta, E.; van Cauwenberge, P.; Wang, D.Y.; Wickman, M.; Yawn, B.P.; Yorgancioglu, A.; Yusuf, O.M.; Zar, H.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; Bateman, E.D.; Ben Kheder, A.; Boakye, D.A.; Bouchard, J.; Burney, P.; Busse, W.W.; Chan-Yeung, M.; Chavannes, N.H.; Chuchalin, A.; Dolen, W.K.; Emuzyte, R.; Grouse, L.; Humbert, M.; Jackson, C.; Johnston, S.L.; Keith, P.K.; Kemp, J.P.; Klossek, J.M.; Larenas-Linnemann, D.; Lipworth, B.; Malo, J.L.; Marshall, G.D.; Naspitz, C.; Nekam, K.; Niggemann, B.; Nizankowska-Mogilnicka, E.; Okamoto, Y.; Orru, M.P.; Potter, P.; Price, D.; Stoloff, S.W.; Vandenplas, O.; Viegi, G.; Williams, D. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy, 2008, 63(Suppl. 86), 8-160.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x] [PMID: 18331513]
[6]
Dales, R.E.; Cakmak, S.; Judek, S.; Dann, T.; Coates, F.; Brook, J.R.; Burnett, R.T. The role of fungal spores in thunderstorm asthma. Chest, 2003, 123(3), 745-750.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.123.3.745] [PMID: 12628873]
[7]
Pulimood, T.B.; Corden, J.M.; Bryden, C.; Sharples, L.; Nasser, S.M. Epidemic asthma and the role of the fungal mold Alternaria alternata. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2007, 120(3), 610-617.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.04.045] [PMID: 17624415]
[8]
Delfino, R.J.; Coate, B.D.; Zeiger, R.S.; Seltzer, J.M.; Street, D.H.; Koutrakis, P. Daily asthma severity in relation to personal ozone exposure and outdoor fungal spores. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1996, 154(3 Pt 1), 633-641.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.154.3.8810598] [PMID: 8810598]
[9]
Delfino, R.J.; Zeiger, R.S.; Seltzer, J.M.; Street, D.H.; Matteucci, R.M.; Anderson, P.R.; Koutrakis, P. The effect of outdoor fungal spore concentrations on daily asthma severity. Environ. Health Perspect., 1997, 105(6), 622-635.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.97105622] [PMID: 9288497]
[10]
Montone, K.T.; Livolsi, V.A.; Feldman, M.D.; Palmer, J.; Chiu, A.G.; Lanza, D.C.; Kennedy, D.W.; Loevner, L.A.; Nachamkin, I. Fungal rhinosinusitis: a retrospective microbiologic and pathologic review of 400 patients at a single university medical center. Int. J. Otolaryngol., 2012, 2012684835
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/684835] [PMID: 22518160]
[11]
Greenberger, P.A. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2002, 110(5), 685-692.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.130179] [PMID: 12417875]
[12]
Hoffman, D.R.; Kozak, P.P., Jr; Gillman, S.A.; Cummins, L.H.; Gallup, J. Isolation of spore specific allergens from Alternaria. Ann. Allergy, 1981, 46(6), 310-316.
[PMID: 7195676]
[13]
Wahl, R.; Oliver, J.D.; Hauck, P.R.; Winter, H.G.; Maasch, H.J. Comparison of Alternaria tenuis extracts prepared from different raw materials. Ann. Allergy, 1989, 63(6 Pt 1), 527-531.
[PMID: 2596763]
[14]
Paris, S.; Fitting, C.; Latgé, J.P.; Herman, D.; Guinnepain, M.T.; David, B. Comparison of conidial and mycelial allergens of Alternaria alternata. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol., 1990, 92(1), 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000235216] [PMID: 2246069]
[15]
Fadel, R.; David, B.; Paris, S.; Guesdon, J.L. Alternaria spore and mycelium sensitivity in allergic patients: in vivo and in vitro studies. Ann. Allergy, 1992, 69(4), 329-335.
[PMID: 1384402]
[16]
James, T.Y.; Kauff, F.; Schoch, C.L.; Matheny, P.B.; Hofstetter, V.; Cox, C.J.; Celio, G.; Gueidan, C.; Fraker, E.; Miadlikowska, J.; Lumbsch, H.T.; Rauhut, A.; Reeb, V.; Arnold, A.E.; Amtoft, A.; Stajich, J.E.; Hosaka, K.; Sung, G.H.; Johnson, D.; O’Rourke, B.; Crockett, M.; Binder, M.; Curtis, J.M.; Slot, J.C.; Wang, Z.; Wilson, A.W.; Schüssler, A.; Longcore, J.E.; O’Donnell, K.; Mozley-Standridge, S.; Porter, D.; Letcher, P.M.; Powell, M.J.; Taylor, J.W.; White, M.M.; Griffith, G.W.; Davies, D.R.; Humber, R.A.; Morton, J.B.; Sugiyama, J.; Rossman, A.Y.; Rogers, J.D.; Pfister, D.H.; Hewitt, D.; Hansen, K.; Hambleton, S.; Shoemaker, R.A.; Kohlmeyer, J.; Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B.; Spotts, R.A.; Serdani, M.; Crous, P.W.; Hughes, K.W.; Matsuura, K.; Langer, E.; Langer, G.; Untereiner, W.A.; Lücking, R.; Büdel, B.; Geiser, D.M.; Aptroot, A.; Diederich, P.; Schmitt, I.; Schultz, M.; Yahr, R.; Hibbett, D.S.; Lutzoni, F.; McLaughlin, D.J.; Spatafora, J.W.; Vilgalys, R. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature, 2006, 443(7113), 818-822.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05110] [PMID: 17051209]
[17]
D’Amato, G.; Spieksma, F.T. Aerobiologic and clinical aspects of mould allergy in Europe. Allergy, 1995, 50(11), 870-877.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb02492.x] [PMID: 8748718]
[18]
Woolnough, K.; Fairs, A.; Pashley, C.H.; Wardlaw, A.J. Allergic fungal airway disease: pathophysiologic and diagnostic considerations. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med., 2015, 21(1), 39-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000129] [PMID: 25415407]
[19]
Horner, W.E.; Helbling, A.; Salvaggio, J.E.; Lehrer, S.B. Fungal allergens. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 1995, 8(2), 161-179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.8.2.161] [PMID: 7621398]
[20]
Pashley, C.H.; Fairs, A.; Free, R.C.; Wardlaw, A.J. DNA analysis of outdoor air reveals a high degree of fungal diversity, temporal variability, and genera not seen by spore morphology. Fungal Biol., 2012, 116(2), 214-224.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2011.11.004] [PMID: 22289767]
[21]
Burge, H.A. An update on pollen and fungal spore aerobiology. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2002, 110(4), 544-552.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.128674] [PMID: 12373259]
[22]
Knutsen, A.P.; Bush, R.K.; Demain, J.G.; Denning, D.W.; Dixit, A.; Fairs, A.; Greenberger, P.A.; Kariuki, B.; Kita, H.; Kurup, V.P.; Moss, R.B.; Niven, R.M.; Pashley, C.H.; Slavin, R.G.; Vijay, H.M.; Wardlaw, A.J. Fungi and allergic lower respiratory tract diseases. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2012, 129(2), 280-291.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.970] [PMID: 22284927]
[23]
Inal, A.; Karakoc, G.B.; Altintas, D.U.; Pinar, M.; Ceter, T.; Yilmaz, M.; Kendirli, S.G. Effect of outdoor fungus concentrations on symptom severity of children with asthma and/or rhinitis monosensitized to molds. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol., 2008, 26(1), 11-17.
[PMID: 18595525]
[24]
Sharpe, R.A.; Bearman, N.; Thornton, C.R.; Husk, K.; Osborne, N.J. Indoor fungal diversity and asthma: a meta-analysis and systematic review of risk factors. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2015, 135(1), 110-122.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.002] [PMID: 25159468]
[25]
Rosenbaum, P.F.; Crawford, J.A.; Anagnost, S.E.; Wang, C.J.; Hunt, A.; Anbar, R.D.; Hargrave, T.M.; Hall, E.G.; Liu, C.C.; Abraham, J.L. Indoor airborne fungi and wheeze in the first year of life among a cohort of infants at risk for asthma. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 2010, 20(6), 503-515.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jes.2009.27] [PMID: 19536075]
[26]
Sharpe, R.; Thornton, C.R.; Osborne, N.J. Modifiable factors governing indoor fungal diversity and risk of asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2014, 44(5), 631-641.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.12281] [PMID: 24471926]
[27]
de Ana, S.G.; Torres-Rodríguez, J.M.; Ramírez, E.A.; García, S.M.; Belmonte-Soler, J. Seasonal distribution of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Penicillium species isolated in homes of fungal allergic patients. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol., 2006, 16(6), 357-363.
[PMID: 17153883]
[28]
Cetinkaya, Z.; Fidan, F.; Unlu, M.; Hasenekoglu, I.; Tetik, L.; Demirel, R. Assessment of indoor air fungi in Western-Anatolia, Turkey. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol., 2005, 23(2-3), 87-92.
[PMID: 16252837]
[29]
Inal, A.; Karakoc, G.B.; Altintas, D.U.; Guvenmez, H.K.; Aka, Y.; Gelisken, R.; Yilmaz, M.; Kendirli, S.G. Effect of indoor mold concentrations on daily symptom severity of children with asthma and/or rhinitis monosensitized to molds. J. Asthma, 2007, 44(7), 543-546.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02770900701496130] [PMID: 17885857]
[30]
Ziaee, A.; Zia, M.; Goli, M. Identification of saprophytic and allergenic fungi in indoor and outdoor environments. Environ. Monit. Assess., 2018, 190(10), 574.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6952-4] [PMID: 30191326]
[31]
Oh, S.Y.; Fong, J.J.; Park, M.S.; Chang, L.; Lim, Y.W. Identifying airborne fungi in Seoul, Korea using metagenomics. J. Microbiol., 2014, 52(6), 465-472.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3550-1] [PMID: 24723107]
[32]
Bousquet, P.J.; Chinn, S.; Janson, C.; Kogevinas, M.; Burney, P.; Jarvis, D. Geographical variation in the prevalence of positive skin tests to environmental aeroallergens in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey I. Allergy, 2007, 62(3), 301-309.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01293.x] [PMID: 17298348]
[33]
Arbes, S.J., Jr; Gergen, P.J.; Elliott, L.; Zeldin, D.C. Prevalences of positive skin test responses to 10 common allergens in the US population: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2005, 116(2), 377-383.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.05.017] [PMID: 16083793]
[34]
Fukutomi, Y.; Taniguchi, M. Sensitization to fungal allergens: Resolved and unresolved issues. Allergol. Int., 2015, 64(4), 321-331.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2015.05.007] [PMID: 26433528]
[35]
Park, S.H.; Lim, D.H.; Son, B.K.; Kim, J.H.; Song, Y.E.; Oh, I.B.; Kim, Y.H.; Lee, K.H.; Kim, S.Y.; Hong, S.C. Sensitization rates of airborne pollen and mold in children. Korean J. Pediatr., 2012, 55(9), 322-329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2012.55.9.322] [PMID: 23049589]
[36]
Tripathi, P.; Kukreja, N.; Singh, B.P.; Arora, N. Serine protease activity of Cur l 1 from Curvularia lunata augments Th2 response in mice. J. Clin. Immunol., 2009, 29(3), 292-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10875-008-9261-9] [PMID: 19020963]
[37]
Tai, H.Y.; Tam, M.F.; Chou, H.; Peng, H.J.; Su, S.N.; Perng, D.W.; Shen, H.D. Pen ch 13 allergen induces secretion of mediators and degradation of occludin protein of human lung epithelial cells. Allergy, 2006, 61(3), 382-388.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00958.x] [PMID: 16436150]
[38]
Tai, H.Y.; Tam, M.F.; Chou, H.; Perng, D.W.; Shen, H.D. Pen ch 13 major fungal allergen decreases CD44 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2010, 153(4), 367-371.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000316347] [PMID: 20559002]
[39]
Mokhtari Amirmajdi, M.; Mokhtari Amirmajdi, N.A.; Eftekharzadeh Mashhadi, I.; Jabari Azad, F.; Tavakol Afshari, J.; Shakeri, M.T. Alternaria in patients with allergic rhinitis. Iran. J. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2011, 10(3), 221-226.
[PMID: 21891828]
[40]
Iossifova, Y.Y.; Reponen, T.; Ryan, P.H.; Levin, L.; Bernstein, D.I.; Lockey, J.E.; Hershey, G.K.; Villareal, M.; LeMasters, G. Mold exposure during infancy as a predictor of potential asthma development. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2009, 102(2), 131-137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60243-8] [PMID: 19230464]
[41]
Fairs, A.; Agbetile, J.; Hargadon, B.; Bourne, M.; Monteiro, W.R.; Brightling, C.E.; Bradding, P.; Green, R.H.; Mutalithas, K.; Desai, D.; Pavord, I.D.; Wardlaw, A.J.; Pashley, C.H. IgE sensitization to Aspergillus fumigatus is associated with reduced lung function in asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2010, 182(11), 1362-1368.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201001-0087OC] [PMID: 20639442]
[42]
Agarwal, R.; Noel, V.; Aggarwal, A.N.; Gupta, D.; Chakrabarti, A. Clinical significance of Aspergillus sensitisation in bronchial asthma. Mycoses, 2011, 54(5), e531-e538.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01971.x] [PMID: 21605181]
[43]
Menzies, D.; Holmes, L.; McCumesky, G.; Prys-Picard, C.; Niven, R. Aspergillus sensitization is associated with airflow limitation and bronchiectasis in severe asthma. Allergy, 2011, 66(5), 679-685.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02542.x] [PMID: 21261660]
[44]
Black, P.N.; Udy, A.A.; Brodie, S.M. Sensitivity to fungal allergens is a risk factor for life-threatening asthma. Allergy, 2000, 55(5), 501-504.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00293.x] [PMID: 10843433]
[45]
O’Hollaren, M.T.; Yunginger, J.W.; Offord, K.P.; Somers, M.J.; O’Connell, E.J.; Ballard, D.J.; Sachs, M.I. Exposure to an aeroallergen as a possible precipitating factor in respiratory arrest in young patients with asthma. N. Engl. J. Med., 1991, 324(6), 359-363.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199102073240602] [PMID: 1987459]
[46]
Vacher, G.; Niculita-Hirzel, H.; Roger, T. Immune responses to airborne fungi and non-invasive airway diseases. Semin. Immunopathol., 2015, 37(2), 83-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00281-014-0471-3] [PMID: 25502371]
[47]
Ryan, M.W.; Clark, C.M. Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis and the Unified Airway: the Role of Antifungal Therapy in AFRS. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep., 2015, 15(12), 75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11882-015-0573-6] [PMID: 26515449]
[48]
Glass, D.; Amedee, R.G. Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis: a review. Ochsner J., 2011, 11(3), 271-275.
[PMID: 21960761]
[49]
Manning, S.C.; Holman, M. Further evidence for allergic pathophysiology in allergic fungal sinusitis. Laryngoscope, 1998, 108(10), 1485-1496.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005537-199810000-00012] [PMID: 9778288]
[50]
Burge, H.A. Fungus allergens. Clin. Rev. Allergy, 1985, 3(3), 319-329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02992998] [PMID: 3893675]
[51]
Esch, R.E. Manufacturing and standardizing fungal allergen products. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2004, 113(2), 210-215.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.11.024] [PMID: 14767431]
[52]
Purohit, A.; Niederberger, V.; Kronqvist, M.; Horak, F.; Grönneberg, R.; Suck, R.; Weber, B.; Fiebig, H.; van Hage, M.; Pauli, G.; Valenta, R.; Cromwell, O. Clinical effects of immunotherapy with genetically modified recombinant birch pollen Bet v 1 derivatives. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2008, 38(9), 1514-1525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03042.x] [PMID: 18564326]
[53]
Klimek, L.; Bachert, C.; Lukat, K.F.; Pfaar, O.; Meyer, H.; Narkus, A. Allergy immunotherapy with a hypoallergenic recombinant birch pollen allergen rBet v 1-FV in a randomized controlled trial. Clin. Transl. Allergy, 2015, 5, 28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13601-015-0071-x] [PMID: 26328056]
[54]
Kustrzeba-Wójcicka, I.; Siwak, E.; Terlecki, G.; Wolańczyk-Mędrala, A.; Mędrala, W. Alternaria alternata and its allergens: a comprehensive review. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol., 2014, 47(3), 354-365.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12016-014-8447-6] [PMID: 25205364]
[55]
Swärd-Nordmo, M.; Paulsen, B.S.; Wold, J.K. The glycoprotein allergen Ag-54 (Cla h II) from Cladosporium herbarum. Structural studies of the carbohydrate moiety. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol., 1988, 85(3), 288-294.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000234519] [PMID: 3350608]
[56]
Swärd-Nordmo, M.; Smestad Paulsen, B.; Wold, J.K. Immunological studies of the glycoprotein allergen Ag-54 (Cla h II) in Cladosporium herbarum with special attention to the carbohydrate and protein moieties. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol., 1989, 90(2), 155-161.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000235017] [PMID: 2583852]
[57]
Simon-Nobbe, B.; Probst, G.; Kajava, A.V.; Oberkofler, H.; Susani, M.; Crameri, R.; Ferreira, F.; Ebner, C.; Breitenbach, M. IgE-binding epitopes of enolases, a class of highly conserved fungal allergens. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2000, 106(5), 887-895.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mai.2000.110799] [PMID: 11080711]
[58]
Simon-Nobbe, B.; Denk, U.; Schneider, P.B.; Radauer, C.; Teige, M.; Crameri, R.; Hawranek, T.; Lang, R.; Richter, K.; Schmid-Grendelmeier, P.; Nobbe, S.; Hartl, A.; Breitenbach, M. NADP-dependent mannitol dehydrogenase, a major allergen of Cladosporium herbarum. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, 281(24), 16354-16360.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M513638200] [PMID: 16608840]
[59]
Chou, H.; Tam, M.F.; Lee, L.H.; Chiang, C.H.; Tai, H.Y.; Panzani, R.C.; Shen, H.D. Vacuolar serine protease is a major allergen of Cladosporium cladosporioides. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2008, 146(4), 277-286.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000121462] [PMID: 18362473]
[60]
Chou, H.; Tam, M.F.; Chiang, C.H.; Chou, C.T.; Tai, H.Y.; Shen, H.D. Transaldolases are novel and immunoglobulin E cross-reacting fungal allergens. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2011, 41(5), 739-749.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03698.x] [PMID: 21488999]
[61]
Chou, H.; Wu, K.G.; Yeh, C.C.; Tai, H.Y.; Tam, M.F.; Chen, Y.S.; Shen, H.D. The transaldolase, a novel allergen of Fusarium proliferatum, demonstrates IgE cross-reactivity with its human analogue. PLoS One, 2014, 9(7)e103488
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103488] [PMID: 25075521]
[62]
Deards, M.J.; Montague, A.E. Purification and characterisation of a major allergen of Alternaria alternata. Mol. Immunol., 1991, 28(4-5), 409-415.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0161-5890(91)90154-C] [PMID: 2062321]
[63]
Chruszcz, M.; Chapman, M.D.; Osinski, T.; Solberg, R.; Demas, M.; Porebski, P.J.; Majorek, K.A.; Pomes, A.; Minor, W. Alternaria alternata allergen Alt a 1: a unique beta-barrel protein dimer found exclusively in fungi. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2012, 130(1), 241-247.
[64]
Vailes, L.D.; Perzanowski, M.S.; Wheatley, L.M.; Platts-Mills, T.A.; Chapman, M.D. IgE and IgG antibody responses to recombinant Alt a 1 as a marker of sensitization to Alternaria in asthma and atopic dermatitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2001, 31(12), 1891-1895.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.00745.x] [PMID: 11737041]
[65]
Asturias, J.A.; Ibarrola, I.; Ferrer, A.; Andreu, C.; López-Pascual, E.; Quiralte, J.; Florido, F.; Martínez, A. Diagnosis of Alternaria alternata sensitization with natural and recombinant Alt a 1 allergens. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2005, 115(6), 1210-1217.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.02.012] [PMID: 15940136]
[66]
Zhang, L.; Curran, I.H.; Muradia, G.; De Vouge, M.W.; Rode, H.; Vijay, H.M. N-terminus of a major allergen, Alt a I, of Alternaria alternata defined to be an epitope. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 1995, 108(3), 254-259.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000237161] [PMID: 7580290]
[67]
Twaroch, T.E.; Focke, M.; Fleischmann, K.; Balic, N.; Lupinek, C.; Blatt, K.; Ferrara, R.; Mari, A.; Ebner, C.; Valent, P.; Spitzauer, S.; Swoboda, I.; Valenta, R. Carrier-bound Alt a 1 peptides without allergenic activity for vaccination against Alternaria alternata allergy. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2012, 42(6), 966-975.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.03996.x] [PMID: 22909168]
[68]
Schneider, P.B.; Denk, U.; Breitenbach, M.; Richter, K.; Schmid-Grendelmeier, P.; Nobbe, S.; Himly, M.; Mari, A.; Ebner, C.; Simon-Nobbe, B. Alternaria alternata NADP-dependent mannitol dehydrogenase is an important fungal allergen. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2006, 36(12), 1513-1524.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02582.x] [PMID: 17177674]
[69]
Shankar, J.; Gupta, P.D.; Sridhara, S.; Singh, B.P.; Gaur, S.N.; Arora, N. Immunobiochemical analysis of cross-reactive glutathione-S-transferase allergen from different fungal sources. Immunol. Invest., 2005, 34(1), 37-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/IMM-47383] [PMID: 15773571]
[70]
Shankar, J.; Singh, B.P.; Gaur, S.N.; Arora, N. Engineered Alt a 13 fragment of Alternaria alternata abrogated IgE binding without affecting T-cell stimulation. J. Clin. Immunol., 2009, 29(1), 63-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10875-008-9224-1] [PMID: 18683033]
[71]
Tripathi, P.; Singh, B.P.; Arora, N. Mutated glutathione-S-transferase reduced airway inflammation by limiting oxidative stress and Th2 response. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2008, 45(10), 1413-1419.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.08.010] [PMID: 18786635]
[72]
Samson, R.A.; Hadlok, R.; Stolk, A.C. A taxonomic study of the Penicillium chrysogenum series. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 1977, 43(2), 169-175.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395671] [PMID: 413477]
[73]
Shen, H.D.; Lin, W.L.; Tam, M.F.; Wang, S.R.; Tzean, S.S.; Huang, M.H.; Han, S.H. Characterization of allergens from Penicillium oxalicum and P. notatum by immunoblotting and N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 1999, 29(5), 642-651.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00509.x] [PMID: 10231324]
[74]
Chou, H.; Lai, H.Y.; Tam, M.F.; Chou, M.Y.; Wang, S.R.; Han, S.H.; Shen, H.D. cDNA cloning, biological and immunological characterization of the alkaline serine protease major allergen from Penicillium chrysogenum. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2002, 127(1), 15-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000048165] [PMID: 11893850]
[75]
Chow, L.P.; Chiou, S.H.; Hsiao, M.C.; Yu, C.J.; Chiang, B.L. Characterization of Pen n 13, a major allergen from the mold Penicillium notatum. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2000, 269(1), 14-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2000.2253] [PMID: 10694469]
[76]
Lai, H.Y.; Tam, M.F.; Chou, H.; Lee, S.S.; Tai, H.Y.; Shen, H.D. Molecular and structural analysis of immunoglobulin E-binding epitopes of Pen ch 13, an alkaline serine protease major allergen from Penicillium chrysogenum. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2004, 34(12), 1926-1933.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02115.x] [PMID: 15663570]
[77]
Yu, C.J.; Chen, Y.M.; Su, S.N.; Forouhar, F.; Lee, S.H.; Chow, L.P. Molecular and immunological characterization and IgE epitope mapping of Pen n 18, a major allergen of Penicillium notatum. Biochem. J., 2002, 363(Pt 3), 707-715.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3630707] [PMID: 11964171]
[78]
Shen, H.D.; Chou, H.; Tam, M.F.; Chang, C.Y.; Lai, H.Y.; Wang, S.R. Molecular and immunological characterization of Pen ch 18, the vacuolar serine protease major allergen of Penicillium chrysogenum. Allergy, 2003, 58(10), 993-1002.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.00107.x] [PMID: 14510716]
[79]
Cheng, T.T.; Tam, M.F.; Chou, H.; Tai, H.Y.; Shen, H.D. Lys89, Lys90, and Phe91 are critical core amino acid residues of the Pen ch 18 major fungal allergen recognized by human IgE antibodies. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2008, 375(4), 671-674.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.08.097] [PMID: 18760997]
[80]
Burr, M.L.; Mullins, J.; Merrett, T.G.; Stott, N.C. Indoor moulds and asthma. J. R. Soc. Health, 1988, 108(3), 99-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642408810800311] [PMID: 3135405]
[81]
Wei, D.L.C.J.; Jong, S.C.; Shen, H.D. Indoor airborne Penicillium species in Taiwan. Curr. Microbiol., 1993, 26, 137-140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577367]
[82]
Shen, H.D.; Wang, C.W.; Chou, H.; Lin, W.L.; Tam, M.F.; Huang, M.H.; Kuo, M.L.; Wang, S.R.; Han, S.H. Complementary DNA cloning and immunologic characterization of a new Penicillium citrinum allergen (Pen c 3). J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2000, 105(4), 827-833.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mai.2000.105220] [PMID: 10756236]
[83]
Shen, H.D.; Lin, W.L.; Liaw, S.F.; Tam, M.F.; Han, S.H. Characterization of the 33-kilodalton major allergen of Penicillium citrinum by using MoAbs and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 1997, 27(1), 79-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00676.x] [PMID: 9117886]
[84]
Chen, J.C.; Chuang, J.G.; Su, Y.Y.; Chiang, B.L.; Lin, Y.S.; Chow, L.P. The protease allergen Pen c 13 induces allergic airway inflammation and changes in epithelial barrier integrity and function in a murine model. J. Biol. Chem., 2011, 286(30), 26667-26679.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.193987] [PMID: 21613216]
[85]
Chen, J.C.; Chiu, L.L.; Lee, K.L.; Huang, W.N.; Chuang, J.G.; Liao, H.K.; Chow, L.P. Identification of critical amino acids in an immunodominant IgE epitope of Pen c 13, a major allergen from Penicillium citrinum. PLoS One, 2012, 7(4)e34627
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034627] [PMID: 22506037]
[86]
Shen, H.D.; Au, L.C.; Lin, W.L.; Liaw, S.F.; Tsai, J.J.; Han, S.H. Molecular cloning and expression of a Penicillium citrinum allergen with sequence homology and antigenic crossreactivity to a hsp 70 human heat shock protein. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 1997, 27(6), 682-690.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01197.x] [PMID: 9208190]
[87]
Chaudhary, N.; Marr, K.A. Impact of Aspergillus fumigatus in allergic airway diseases. Clin. Transl. Allergy, 2011, 1(1), 4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2045-7022-1-4] [PMID: 22410255]
[88]
Singh, B.; Singh, S.; Asif, A.R.; Oellerich, M.; Sharma, G.L. Allergic aspergillosis and the antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci., 2014, 15(5), 403-423.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203715666140512120605] [PMID: 24818760]
[89]
Arruda, L.K.; Mann, B.J.; Chapman, M.D. Selective expression of a major allergen and cytotoxin, Asp f I, in Aspergillus fumigatus. Implications for the immunopathogenesis of Aspergillus-related diseases. J. Immunol., 1992, 149(10), 3354-3359.
[PMID: 1431110]
[90]
Madan, T.; Arora, N.; Sarma, P.U. Ribonuclease activity dependent cytotoxicity of Asp fl, a major allergen of A. fumigatus. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 1997, 175(1-2), 21-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006822906343] [PMID: 9350029]
[91]
Arruda, L.K.; Platts-Mills, T.A.; Fox, J.W.; Chapman, M.D. Aspergillus fumigatus allergen I, a major IgE-binding protein, is a member of the mitogillin family of cytotoxins. J. Exp. Med., 1990, 172(5), 1529-1532.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.172.5.1529] [PMID: 2230656]
[92]
Moser, M.; Crameri, R.; Menz, G.; Schneider, T.; Dudler, T.; Virchow, C.; Gmachl, M.; Blaser, K.; Suter, M. Cloning and expression of recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus allergen I/a (rAsp f I/a) with IgE binding and type I skin test activity. J. Immunol., 1992, 149(2), 454-460.
[PMID: 1624793]
[93]
Kurup, V.P.; Banerjee, B.; Hemmann, S.; Greenberger, P.A.; Blaser, K.; Crameri, R. Selected recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus allergens bind specifically to IgE in ABPA. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2000, 30(7), 988-993.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00837.x] [PMID: 10848921]
[94]
Alvarez-García, E.; Batanero, E.; García-Fernández, R.; Villalba, M.; Gavilanes, J.G.; Martínez-del-Pozo, A. A deletion variant of the Aspergillus fumigatus ribotoxin Asp f 1 induces an attenuated airway inflammatory response in a mouse model of sensitization. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol., 2010, 20(1), 69-75.
[PMID: 20232776]
[95]
Teshima, R.; Ikebuchi, H.; Sawada, J.; Miyachi, S.; Kitani, S.; Iwama, M.; Irie, M.; Ichinoe, M.; Terao, T. Isolation and characterization of a major allergenic component (gp55) of Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1993, 92(5), 698-706.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(93)90013-6] [PMID: 8227861]
[96]
Tanimoto, H.; Fukutomi, Y.; Yasueda, H.; Takeuchi, Y.; Saito, A.; Watai, K.; Sekiya, K.; Tsuburai, T.; Asano, K.; Taniguchi, M.; Akiyama, K. Molecular-based allergy diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in Aspergillus fumigatus-sensitized Japanese patients. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2015, 45(12), 1790-1800.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.12590] [PMID: 26118958]
[97]
Ramachandran, H.; Jayaraman, V.; Banerjee, B.; Greenberger, P.A.; Kelly, K.J.; Fink, J.N.; Kurup, V.P. IgE binding conformational epitopes of Asp f 3, a major allergen of Aspergillus fumigatus. Clin. Immunol., 2002, 103(3 Pt 1), 324-333.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/clim.2002.5219] [PMID: 12173308]
[98]
Singh, B.P.; Banerjee, B.; Naik, P.; Fink, J.N.; Kurup, V.P. Immune response to n-terminal and c-terminal deletion mutants of Aspergillus fumigatus major allergen ASP F 3. Indian J. Clin. Biochem., 2006, 21(2), 20-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02912906] [PMID: 23105608]
[99]
Markaryan, A.; Morozova, I.; Yu, H.; Kolattukudy, P.E. Purification and characterization of an elastinolytic metalloprotease from Aspergillus fumigatus and immunoelectron microscopic evidence of secretion of this enzyme by the fungus invading the murine lung. Infect. Immun., 1994, 62(6), 2149-2157.
[PMID: 8188335]
[100]
Sirakova, T.D.; Markaryan, A.; Kolattukudy, P.E. Molecular cloning and sequencing of the cDNA and gene for a novel elastinolytic metalloproteinase from Aspergillus fumigatus and its expression in Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun., 1994, 62(10), 4208-4218.
[PMID: 7927676]
[101]
Crameri, R. Recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus allergens: from the nucleotide sequences to clinical applications. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 1998, 115(2), 99-114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000023889] [PMID: 9482698]
[102]
Crameri, R.; Blaser, K. Cloning Aspergillus fumigatus allergens by the pJuFo filamentous phage display system. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 1996, 110(1), 41-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000237308] [PMID: 8645976]
[103]
Flückiger, S.; Mittl, P.R.; Scapozza, L.; Fijten, H.; Folkers, G.; Grütter, M.G.; Blaser, K.; Crameri, R. Comparison of the crystal structures of the human manganese superoxide dismutase and the homologous Aspergillus fumigatus allergen at 2-A resolution. J. Immunol., 2002, 168(3), 1267-1272.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1267] [PMID: 11801664]
[104]
Banerjee, B.; Kurup, V.P.; Greenberger, P.A.; Johnson, B.D.; Fink, J.N. Cloning and expression of Aspergillus fumigatus allergen Asp f 16 mediating both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2001, 31(5), 761-770.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01076.x] [PMID: 11422136]
[105]
Bisht, V.; Arora, N.; Singh, B.P.; Pasha, S.; Gaur, S.N.; Sridhara, S. Epi p 1, an allergenic glycoprotein of Epicoccum purpurascens is a serine protease. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 2004, 42(2), 205-211.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsim.2004.05.003] [PMID: 15364105]
[106]
Bisht, V.; Arora, N.; Singh, B.P.; Gaur, S.N.; Sridhara, S. Purification and characterization of a major cross-reactive allergen from Epicoccum purpurascens. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2004, 133(3), 217-224.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000076827] [PMID: 14976389]
[107]
Gupta, R.; Singh, B.P.; Sridhara, S.; Gaur, S.N.; Chaudhary, V.K.; Arora, N. Allergens of Curvularia lunata during cultivation in different media. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1999, 104(4 Pt 1), 857-862.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70299-X] [PMID: 10518833]
[108]
Pumhirun, P.; Towiwat, P.; Mahakit, P. Aeroallergen sensitivity of Thai patients with allergic rhinitis. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol., 1997, 15(4), 183-185.
[PMID: 9579610]
[109]
Gupta, R.; Sharma, V.; Sridhara, S.; Singh, B.P.; Arora, N. Identification of serine protease as a major allergen of Curvularia lunata. Allergy, 2004, 59(4), 421-427.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1398-9995.2003.00378.x] [PMID: 15005766]
[110]
Sharma, V.; Gupta, R.; Jhingran, A.; Singh, B.P.; Sridhara, S.; Gaur, S.N.; Arora, N. Cloning, recombinant expression and activity studies of a major allergen “enolase” from the fungus Curvularia lunata. J. Clin. Immunol., 2006, 26(4), 360-369.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10875-006-9032-4] [PMID: 16779678]
[111]
Sharma, V.; Singh, B.P.; Gaur, S.N.; Arora, N. Molecular and immunological characterization of cytochrome c: a potential cross-reactive allergen in fungi and grasses. Allergy, 2008, 63(2), 189-197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01528.x] [PMID: 18186808]
[112]
Sharma, V.; Singh, B.P.; Arora, N. Cur l 3, a major allergen of Curvularia lunata-derived short synthetic peptides, shows promise for successful immunotherapy. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 2011, 45(6), 1178-1184.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2011-0048OC] [PMID: 21659658]
[113]
Tripathi, P.; Nair, S.; Singh, B.P.; Arora, N. Molecular and immunological characterization of subtilisin like serine protease, a major allergen of Curvularia lunata. Immunobiology, 2011, 216(3), 402-408.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2010.06.009] [PMID: 20667621]
[114]
Chang, H.N.L.F.; Chang, Y.F. Correlation of skin test to RAST, and PRIST in asthma patients. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.), 1984, 34, 376-383.
[115]
Hoff, M.; Ballmer-Weber, B.K.; Niggemann, B.; Cistero-Bahima, A.; San Miguel-Moncín, M.; Conti, A.; Haustein, D.; Vieths, S. Molecular cloning and immunological characterisation of potential allergens from the mould Fusarium culmorum. Mol. Immunol., 2003, 39(15), 965-975.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-5890(03)00026-9] [PMID: 12695122]
[116]
Yeh, C.C.; Tai, H.Y.; Chou, H.; Wu, K.G.; Shen, H.D. Vacuolar Serine Protease Is a Major Allergen of Fusarium proliferatum and an IgE-Cross Reactive Pan-Fungal Allergen. Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res., 2016, 8(5), 438-444.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4168/aair.2016.8.5.438] [PMID: 27334782]
[117]
Lindborg, M.; Magnusson, C.G.; Zargari, A.; Schmidt, M.; Scheynius, A.; Crameri, R.; Whitley, P. Selective cloning of allergens from the skin colonizing yeast Malassezia furfur by phage surface display technology. J. Invest. Dermatol., 1999, 113(2), 156-161.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00661.x] [PMID: 10469297]
[118]
Yasueda, H.; Hashida-Okado, T.; Saito, A.; Uchida, K.; Kuroda, M.; Onishi, Y.; Takahashi, K.; Yamaguchi, H.; Takesako, K.; Akiyama, K. Identification and cloning of two novel allergens from the lipophilic yeast, Malassezia furfur. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1998, 248(2), 240-244.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1998.8944] [PMID: 9675120]
[119]
Onishi, Y.; Kuroda, M.; Yasueda, H.; Saito, A.; Sono-Koyama, E.; Tunasawa, S.; Hashida-Okado, T.; Yagihara, T.; Uchida, K.; Yamaguchi, H.; Akiyama, K.; Kato, I.; Takesako, K. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of Malassezia allergens for atopic dermatitis and isolation of Mal f 4 homologs with mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. Eur. J. Biochem., 1999, 261(1), 148-154.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00247.x] [PMID: 10103045]
[120]
Sircar, G.; Jana, K.; Dasgupta, A.; Saha, S.; Gupta Bhattacharya, S. Epitope Mapping of Rhi o 1 and Generation of a Hypoallergenic Variant: A CANDIDATE MOLECULE FOR FUNGAL ALLERGY VACCINES. J. Biol. Chem., 2016, 291(34), 18016-18029.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.732032] [PMID: 27358405]
[121]
Sircar, G.; Chakrabarti, H.S.; Saha, B.; Gupta-Bhattacharya, S. Identification of aero-allergens from Rhizopus oryzae: an immunoproteomic approach. J. Proteomics, 2012, 77, 455-468.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.023] [PMID: 23041133]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
21
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy