Abstract
Background: In Algeria, important quantities of secondary date variety (Phoenix dactylifera L.) are generated in each campaign; their chemical composition is similar to that of commercial dates. The present work aims to valorize this common date variety (Degla-beida) which is often poorly exploited.
Methods: In this context, we tried to prepare syrup from the secondary date variety and evaluate the effect of conventional extraction (CE) or water bath extraction (WBE) and alternative extraction (microwaves assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)) on its total sugar content (TSC), using response surface methodology (RSM). Then, the analysis of individual sugars was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Results: Maximum predicted TSC recoveries under the optimized conditions for MAE, UAE and CE were 233.248 ± 3.594 g/l, 202.889 ± 5.797 g/l and 233.535 ± 5.412 g/l, respectively, which were close to the experimental values: 233.796 ± 1.898 g/l; 202.037 ± 3.401 g/l and 234.380 ± 2.425 g/l. HPLC analysis revealed high similarity in the sugar composition of date juices obtained by MAE (60.11% sucrose, 16.64% glucose and 23.25% fructose) and CE (50.78% sucrose, 20.67% glucose and 28.55% fructose), although a large difference was detected for that obtained by UAE (0.00% sucrose, 46.94% glucose and 53.06% fructose).
Conclusion: Microwave-assisted extraction was the best method for the preparation of date syrup with an optimal recovery of total sugar content. However, ultrasound-assisted extraction was the best one for the preparation of date syrup with high content of reducing sugars.
Keywords: Dates, extraction methods, HPLC analysis, RSM, sugars, syrup.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Aspé E, Fernández K. The effect of different extraction techniques on extraction yield, total phenolic, and anti-radical capacity of extracts from Pinus radiata Bark. Ind Crops Prod 2011; 34: 838-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.02.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.02.002]
[2]
Dahmoune F, Boulekbache L, Moussi K, Aoun O, Spigno G, Madani K. Valorization of Citrus limon residues for the recovery of antioxidants: Evaluation and optimization of microwave and ultrasound application to solvent extraction. Ind Crops Prod 2013; 50: 77-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.07.013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.07.013]
[3]
Aybastıer Ö, Işık E, Şahin S, Demir C. Optimization of ultrasonic assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds from blackberry leaves using response surface methodology. Ind Crops Prod 2013; 44: 558-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.09.022]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.09.022]
[4]
Muñiz-Márquez DB, Martínez-Ávila GC, Wong-Paz JE, Belmares-Cerda R, Rodríguez-Herrera R, Aguilar CN. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Laurus nobilis L. and their antioxidant activity. Ultrason Sonochem 2013; 20(5): 1149-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.02.008] [PMID: 23523026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.02.008] [PMID: 23523026]
[5]
Chandrasekaran M, Bahkali AH. Valorization of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruit processing by-products and wastes using bioprocess technology - Review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2013; 20(2): 105-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.12.004] [PMID: 23961227]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.12.004] [PMID: 23961227]
[6]
Abbès F, Kchaou W, Blecker C, et al. Effect of processing conditions on phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of date syrup. Ind Crops Prod 2013; 44: 634-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.09.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.09.008]
[7]
Besbes S, Drira L, Blecker C, Deroanne C, Attia H. Adding value to hard date (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Compositional, functional and sensory characteristics of date jam. Food Chem 2009; 112: 406-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.093]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.093]
[8]
Abbès F, Bouaziz MA, Blecker C, Masmoudi M, Attia H, Besbes S. Date syrup: Effect of hydrolytic enzymes (pectinase/cellulase) on physico-chemical characteristics, sensory and functional properties. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2011; 44: 1827-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2011.03.020]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2011.03.020]
[9]
Boudries H, Kefalas P, Horneromendez D. Carotenoid composition of Algerian date varieties (Phoenix dactylifera) at different edible maturation stages. Food Chem 2007; 101: 1372-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.03.043]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.03.043]
[10]
Baliga MS, Baliga BRV, Kandathil SM, Bhat HP, Vayalil PK. A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of the date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Food Res Int 2011; 44: 1812-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.07.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.07.004]
[11]
Al-Hooti SN, Sidhu JS, Al-Saqer JM, Al-Othman A. Chemical composition and quality of date syrup as affected by pectinase/cellulase enzyme treatment. Food Chem 2002; 79: 215-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00134-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00134-6]
[12]
Gad A, Kholif A, Sayed A. Combination of date palm syrup and skim milk. Am J Food Technol 2010; 5: 250-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajft.2010.250.259]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajft.2010.250.259]
[13]
Manaa S, Younsi M, Moummi N. Study of methods for drying dates; review the traditional drying methods in the region of Touat Wilaya of Adrar-Algeria. Energy Procedia 2013; 36: 521-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.060]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.060]
[14]
Benmeddour Z, Mehinagic E, Meurlay DL, Louaileche H. Phenolic composition and antioxidant capacities of ten Algerian date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars: A comparative study. J Funct Foods 2013; 5: 346-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2012.11.005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2012.11.005]
[15]
Chibane H, Benamara S, Noui Y, Djouab A. Some physicochemical and morphological characterizations of three varieties of Algerian common dates. Eur J Sci Res 2007; 18: 134-40.
[17]
Munier P. Le palmier-dattier, Techniques agricoles et productions tropicales. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose 1973.
[18]
Guérin C. Première biozonation du Pléistocène européen, principal résultat biostratigraphique de l’étude des Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) du Miocène terminal au Pléistocène supérieur d’Europe occidentale. Geobios 1982; 15: 593-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(82)80076-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(82)80076-4]
[19]
Hashemi SMB, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Saraiva JA, Jambrak AR, Barba FJ, Mota MJ. Effect of ultrasound on lactic acid production by Lactobacillus strains in date (Phoenix dactylifera var. Kabkab) syrup. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102(6): 2635-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-8789-8] [PMID: 29427145]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-8789-8] [PMID: 29427145]
[20]
Multon J. interet des additifs pour ameliorer la conservation des
aliments, Additifs et auxiliaires de fabrication dans les industries
agro-alimentaires/coordonnateur, JL Multon; preface, F Lepatre. 1984.
[21]
Dreywood R. Qualitative test for carbohydrate material. Ind Eng Chem Anal Ed 1946; 18: 499.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i560156a015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i560156a015]
[22]
Hanson R, Phillips J. Chemical composition manual of methods for general bacteriology. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology 1981; pp. 328-64.
[23]
Şahin S, Samlı R. Optimization of olive leaf extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction with response surface methodology. Ultrason Sonochem 2013; 20(1): 595-602.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.07.029] [PMID: 22964032]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.07.029] [PMID: 22964032]
[24]
Sun Y, Wang W. Ultrasonic extraction of ferulic acid from Ligusticum chuanxiong. J Chin Inst Chem Eng 2008; 39: 653-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcice.2008.05.012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcice.2008.05.012]
[25]
Zou Y, Chen X, Yang W, Liu S. Response surface methodology for optimization of the ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula Nannf. var. modesta LT Shen. Carbohydr Polym 2011; 84: 503-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.013]
[26]
Ji JB, Lu XH, Cai MQ, Xu ZC. Improvement of leaching process of Geniposide with ultrasound. Ultrason Sonochem 2006; 13(5): 455-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2005.08.003] [PMID: 16289805]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2005.08.003] [PMID: 16289805]
[27]
Vilkhu K, Mawson R, Simons L, Bates D. Applications and opportunities for ultrasound assisted extraction in the food industry-A review. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2008; 9: 161-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2007.04.014]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2007.04.014]
[28]
Han D, Zhu T, Row KH. Ultrasonic extraction of phenolic compounds from Laminaria japonica Aresch using ionic liquid as extraction solvent. Bull Korean Chem Soc 2011; 32: 2212-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.7.2212]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.7.2212]
[29]
Fernandez D, Goodwin A, Lemmon EW, Sengers JL, Williams R. A formulation for the static permittivity of water and steam at temperatures from 238 K to 873 K at pressures up to 1200 MPa, including derivatives and Debye-Hückel coefficients. J Phys Chem Ref Data 1997; 26: 1125-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.555997]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.555997]
[30]
Bimakr M, Rahman RA, Ganjloo A, Taip FS, Salleh LM, Sarker MZI. Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of bioactive flavonoid compounds from spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) leaves by using response surface methodology. Food Bioprocess Technol 2012; 5: 912-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11947-010-0504-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11947-010-0504-4]
[31]
Liyana-Pathirana Cand Shahidi F. Optimization of extraction of phenolic compounds from wheat using response surface methodology. Food Chem 2005; 93: 47-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.08.050]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.08.050]
[32]
Scavroni J, Boaro CSF, Marques MOM, Ferreira LC. Yield and composition of the essential oil of Mentha piperita L.(Lamiaceae) grown with biosolid. Braz J Plant Physiol 2005; 17: 345-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202005000400002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202005000400002]
[34]
Li H, Deng Z, Wu T, Liu R, Loewen S, Tsao R. Microwave-assisted extraction of phenolics with maximal antioxidant activities in tomatoes. Food Chem 2012; 130: 928-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.08.019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.08.019]
[35]
Ganbi HHA. Production of nutritious high quality date (Phoenix dactylifera) fruits syrup (dibs) by using some novel technological approaches. J Appl Sci Res 2012; 8: 1524-38.
[36]
Ashraf Z, Hamidi-Esfahani Z. Date and date processing: A review. Food Rev Int 2011; 27: 101-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2010.535231]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2010.535231]
[37]
Al Eid SM. Chromatographic separation of fructose from date syrup. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2006; 57(1-2): 83-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637480600658286] [PMID: 16849117]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637480600658286] [PMID: 16849117]
[38]
Chaira N, Smaali I, Besbes S, Mrabet A, Lachiheb B, Ferchichi A. Production of fructose rich syrups using invertase from date palm fruits. J Food Biochem 2011; 35: 1576-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00487.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00487.x]
[39]
Al-Farsi M, Alasalvar C, Al-Abid M, Al-Shoaily K, Al-Amry M, Al-Rawahy F. Compositional and functional characteristics of dates, syrups, and their by-products. Food Chem 2007; 104: 943-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.051]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.051]
[40]
Hasegawa S, Smolensky DC. Date invertase: Properties and activity associated with maturation and quality. J Agric Food Chem 1970; 18: 902-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf60171a036]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf60171a036]
[41]
Eltayeb EA, Al-hasni AS, Farooq SA. Changes in soluble sugar content during the development of fruits in some varieties of Omani date palm (Phoenix dactylifera). Pak J Biol Sci 1999; 2: 255-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.1999.255.258]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.1999.255.258]
[42]
Mrabet A, Ferchichi A, Chaira N, Mohamed BS, Baaziz Z, Penny TM. Physico-chemical characteristics and total quality of date palm varieties grown in the southern of Tunisia. Pak J Biol Sci 2008; 11(7): 1003-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.1003.1008] [PMID: 18810969]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.1003.1008] [PMID: 18810969]
[43]
Kwiatkowska B, Bennett J, Akunna J, Walker GM, Bremner DH. Stimulation of bioprocesses by ultrasound. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29(6): 768-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.06.005] [PMID: 21723933]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.06.005] [PMID: 21723933]
[44]
Nitayavardhana S, Rakshit SK, Grewell D, van Leeuwen JH, Khanal SK. Ultrasound pretreatment of cassava chip slurry to enhance sugar release for subsequent ethanol production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101(3): 487-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.21922] [PMID: 18454502]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.21922] [PMID: 18454502]
Article Metrics
4