Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is generally considered as a microvascular disease which develops as a result of chronic hyperglycaemia. However, the neuronal apoptosis and reactive gliosis are recently postulated as early changes in diabetic retinopathy. This phenomenon is described as a neurodegeneration and suggests that diabetic retinopathy should be recognized as a neurovascular complication. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms leading to the neurodegeneration of the retina in diabetic patients including: low-grade inflammatory process, oxidative stress, activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, glutamate excitotoxicity and imbalance in the neuroprotective factors. Secondly, we point out the clinical significance of measuring the retinal neurodegeneration.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, inflammatory process, neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, retina.
Graphical Abstract
Current Neuropharmacology
Title:Retinal Neurodegeneration in the Course of Diabetes-Pathogenesis and Clinical Perspective
Volume: 14 Issue: 8
Author(s): Aleksandra Araszkiewicz and Dorota Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz
Affiliation:
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, inflammatory process, neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, retina.
Abstract: Diabetic retinopathy is generally considered as a microvascular disease which develops as a result of chronic hyperglycaemia. However, the neuronal apoptosis and reactive gliosis are recently postulated as early changes in diabetic retinopathy. This phenomenon is described as a neurodegeneration and suggests that diabetic retinopathy should be recognized as a neurovascular complication. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms leading to the neurodegeneration of the retina in diabetic patients including: low-grade inflammatory process, oxidative stress, activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, glutamate excitotoxicity and imbalance in the neuroprotective factors. Secondly, we point out the clinical significance of measuring the retinal neurodegeneration.
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Cite this article as:
Araszkiewicz Aleksandra and Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz Dorota, Retinal Neurodegeneration in the Course of Diabetes-Pathogenesis and Clinical Perspective, Current Neuropharmacology 2016; 14 (8) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X14666160225154536
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X14666160225154536 |
Print ISSN 1570-159X |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6190 |
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