Abstract
Autophagy is an important homeostatic cellular process encompassing a number of consecutive steps indispensable for degrading and recycling cytoplasmic materials. Basically autophagy is an adaptive response that under stressful conditions guarantees the physiological turnover of senescent and impaired organelles and, thus, controls cell fate by various cross-talk signals. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious microvascular complication of diabetes and accounts for 5% of all blindness. Although, various metabolic disorders have been linked with the onset of DR, due to the complex character of this multi-factorial disease, a connection between any particular defect and DR becomes speculative. Diabetes increases inflammation, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and oxidative stress in the retina and its capillary cells. Particularly, a great number of evidences suggest a mutual connection between oxidative stress and other major metabolic abnormalities implicated in the development of DR. In addition, the intricate networks between autophagy and apoptosis establish the degree of cellular apoptosis and the progression of DR. Growing data underline the crucial role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the activation of autophagy. Depending on their delicate balance both redox signaling and autophagy, being detrimental or beneficial, retain opposing effects. The molecular mechanisms of autophagy are very complex and involve many signaling pathways cooperating at various steps. This review summarizes recent advances of the possible molecular mechanisms in autophagic process that are involved in pathophysiology of DR. In-depth analysis on the molecular mechanisms leading to autophagy in the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) will be helpful to plan new therapies aimed at preventing or improving the progression of DR.
Keywords: Damage-regulated autophagy modulator, diabetic retinopathy, mTOR deregulation, mTORC1, UPR, XBP1.
Graphical Abstract
Current Neuropharmacology
Title:Autophagy in Diabetic Retinopathy
Volume: 14 Issue: 8
Author(s): Michelino Di Rosa, Gisella Distefano, Caterina Gagliano, Dario Rusciano and Lucia Malaguarnera
Affiliation:
Keywords: Damage-regulated autophagy modulator, diabetic retinopathy, mTOR deregulation, mTORC1, UPR, XBP1.
Abstract: Autophagy is an important homeostatic cellular process encompassing a number of consecutive steps indispensable for degrading and recycling cytoplasmic materials. Basically autophagy is an adaptive response that under stressful conditions guarantees the physiological turnover of senescent and impaired organelles and, thus, controls cell fate by various cross-talk signals. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious microvascular complication of diabetes and accounts for 5% of all blindness. Although, various metabolic disorders have been linked with the onset of DR, due to the complex character of this multi-factorial disease, a connection between any particular defect and DR becomes speculative. Diabetes increases inflammation, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and oxidative stress in the retina and its capillary cells. Particularly, a great number of evidences suggest a mutual connection between oxidative stress and other major metabolic abnormalities implicated in the development of DR. In addition, the intricate networks between autophagy and apoptosis establish the degree of cellular apoptosis and the progression of DR. Growing data underline the crucial role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the activation of autophagy. Depending on their delicate balance both redox signaling and autophagy, being detrimental or beneficial, retain opposing effects. The molecular mechanisms of autophagy are very complex and involve many signaling pathways cooperating at various steps. This review summarizes recent advances of the possible molecular mechanisms in autophagic process that are involved in pathophysiology of DR. In-depth analysis on the molecular mechanisms leading to autophagy in the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) will be helpful to plan new therapies aimed at preventing or improving the progression of DR.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Rosa Di Michelino, Distefano Gisella, Gagliano Caterina, Rusciano Dario and Malaguarnera Lucia, Autophagy in Diabetic Retinopathy, Current Neuropharmacology 2016; 14 (8) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X14666160321122900
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X14666160321122900 |
Print ISSN 1570-159X |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6190 |
![](/images/wayfinder.jpg)
- Author Guidelines
- Bentham Author Support Services (BASS)
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
- Forthcoming Thematic Issues
Related Articles
-
Recent Development of Small Molecule Glutaminase Inhibitors
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Beneficial Actions of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Diseases: But, How and Why?
Current Nutrition & Food Science Smart Stimuli Sensitive Nanogels in Cancer Drug Delivery and Imaging: A Review
Current Pharmaceutical Design What Western Pharmacists Need to Know About Traditional Chinese Medicine; A Canadian Perspective
Current Traditional Medicine Gold Nanoparticles as Carrier(s) for Drug Targeting and Imaging
Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Natural Polyphenols and their Synthetic Analogs as Emerging Anticancer Agents
Current Drug Targets Gold Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Platform for Antineoplastic Chemotherapy
Current Drug Metabolism Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and 2D-QSAR Modeling of Quinoxaline Derivatives as Potent Anticancer Agents against Triple-negative Breast Cancer
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry The Roles of Histone Demethylase UTX and JMJD3 (KDM6B) in Cancers: Current Progress and Future Perspectives
Current Medicinal Chemistry Effect of Canagliflozin, an SGLT2 Inhibitor, in Comparison with Atorvastatin on Dexamethasone-Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Albino Rats
Current Drug Therapy Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: From Chromatin Remodeling to Experimental Cancer Therapeutics
Current Medicinal Chemistry Recent Advances of Metallocenes for Medicinal Chemistry
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Heterocyclic N-Oxides - An Emerging Class of Therapeutic Agents
Current Medicinal Chemistry Targeting Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1: Role in Cell Signaling and the Biology of Domain-Specific Knock-in Mice
Current Drug Targets The HOX Gene Network as a Potential Target for Cancer Therapy
Current Cancer Therapy Reviews NF-κB Signaling Pathway Inhibitors as Anticancer Drug Candidates
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Cell Surface Nucleolin as a Target for Anti-Cancer Therapies
Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery Transactivation of ErbB Receptors by Leptin in the Cardiovascular System: Mechanisms, Consequences and Target for Therapy
Current Pharmaceutical Design Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Potential of Naringenin: A Citrus Flavonoid of Pharmaceutical Promise
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Ubiquitin+Proteasome Protein Degradation Pathway as a Therapeutic Strategy in the Treatment of Solid Tumor Malignancies
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry