Generic placeholder image

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 0929-8673
ISSN (Online): 1875-533X

Review Article

Therapeutic Approaches for the Management of Sleep Disorders in Geriatric Population

Author(s): Mireille Salas-Crisóstomo, Pablo Torterolo , André Barciela Veras, Nuno Barbosa Rocha, Sérgio Machado and Eric Murillo-Rodríguez*

Volume 26, Issue 25, 2019

Page: [4775 - 4785] Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180904113115

Price: $65

Abstract

Objective: Aging is a natural biological phenomenon that occurs in human beings. With increasing of age, there is an appearance of deleterious changes related to progression onto pathological conditions, including hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, hearing and vision impairments, as well as sleep disorders. It is important to recognize that some sleep disturbances reported by aged subjects include insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, among others. Moreover, accumulating evidence indicates that coexistence of medical issues with sleep disorders constitutes clinical challenges for treatment of comorbidities in elderly. Here, we have attempted to review and summarize the available literature that assesses the sleep disturbances in aging. In addition, we highlight the management of sleep disorders associated with aging. Due to the particular health condition of aged adults, the development of effective pharmacological interventions for sleep disorders treatment in aging is warranted.

Methods: Review of studies retrieved from the PubMed.

Results: The sleep-wake cycle includes abnormalities classified as sleep disorders. Comorbidity between sleep disturbances and aging-related health issues will represent a public health challenge to be addressed in the near future. Moreover, this scenario will suggest an area that requires further drug investigation and design of new pharmacological and pharmaceutical strategies to treat sleep disorders in the elderly population.

Conclusion: The review highlights the sleep disturbances in aging. We focus on current knowledge in medicinal chemistry and further design of new treatments tools for managing sleep disturbances in the aged population.

Keywords: Aging, insomnia, depression, slow wave sleep, obstructive sleep apnea, REM sleep.

[1]
World Health Organization. Global Health and Aging. National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. USA. NIH Publication no 11-7737. 2011.
[2]
United Nations. Report of the Second World Assembly on Aging., 2002, 8-12.
[3]
Kinsella, K.; Velkoff, V.U.S. Census Bureau; , 2001.
[4]
U.S. Census Bureau. International database., http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/natdet-D1A.html
[5]
Ferrucci, L.; Giallauria, F.; Guralnik, J.M. Epidemiology of aging. Radiol. Clin. North Am., 2008, 46(4), 643-652.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2008.07.005] [PMID: 18922285]
[6]
Dean, G.E.; Weiss, C.; Morris, J.L.; Chasens, E.R. Impaired sleep: a multifaceted geriatric syndrome. Nurs. Clin. North Am., 2017, 52(3), 387-404.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2017.04.009] [PMID: 28779821]
[7]
Mander, B.A.; Winer, J.R.; Walker, M.P. Sleep and human aging. Neuron, 2017, 94(1), 19-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.004] [PMID: 28384471]
[8]
Crowley, K. Sleep and sleep disorders in older adults. Neuropsychol. Rev., 2011, 21(1), 41-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11065-010-9154-6] [PMID: 21225347]
[9]
Zdanys, K.F.; Steffens, D.C. Sleep disturbances in the elderly. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 2015, 38(4), 723-741.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2015.07.010] [PMID: 26600105]
[10]
Mattis, J.; Sehgal, A. Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Disorders of Aging. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 2016, 27(4), 192-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.003] [PMID: 26947521]
[11]
Saper, C.B.; Fuller, P.M. Wake-sleep circuitry: an overview. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 2017, 44, 186-192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2017.03.021] [PMID: 28577468]
[12]
Scammell, T.E.; Arrigoni, E.; Lipton, J.O. Neural circuitry of wakefulness and sleep. Neuron, 2017, 93(4), 747-765.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.014] [PMID: 28231463]
[13]
Yasenkov, R.; Deboer, T. Circadian modulation of sleep in rodents. Prog. Brain Res., , 2012, 199, 203-218.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59427-3.00012-5] [PMID: 22877667]
[14]
Deboer, T. Behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of sleep and sleep homeostasis. Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci., 2015, 25, 1-24.
[PMID: 24142866]
[15]
Schwartz, M.D.; Kilduff, T.S. The neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 2015, 38(4), 615-644.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2015.07.002] [PMID: 26600100]
[16]
Weber, F.; Dan, Y. Circuit-based interrogation of sleep control. Nature, 2016, 538(7623), 51-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature19773] [PMID: 27708309]
[17]
Boucetta, S.; Cissé, Y.; Mainville, L.; Morales, M.; Jones, B.E. Discharge profiles across the sleep-waking cycle of identified cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons in the pontomesencephalic tegmentum of the rat. J. Neurosci., 2014, 34(13), 4708-4727.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2617-13.2014] [PMID: 24672016]
[18]
Van Dort, C.J.; Zachs, D.P.; Kenny, J.D.; Zheng, S.; Goldblum, R.R.; Gelwan, N.A.; Ramos, D.M.; Nolan, M.A.; Wang, K.; Weng, F.J.; Lin, Y.; Wilson, M.A.; Brown, E.N. Optogenetic activation of cholinergic neurons in the PPT or LDT induces REM sleep. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2015, 112(2), 584-589.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423136112] [PMID: 25548191]
[19]
Arias-Carrión, O.; Huitrón-Reséndiz, S.; Arankowsky-Sandoval, G.; Murillo-Rodríguez, E. Biochemical modulation of the sleep-wake cycle: endogenous sleep-inducing factors. J. Neurosci. Res., 2011, 89(8), 1143-1149.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.22666] [PMID: 21557294]
[20]
Huang, Z.L.; Zhang, Z.; Qu, W.M. Roles of adenosine and its receptors in sleep-wake regulation. Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 2014, 119, 349-371.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801022-8.00014-3] [PMID: 25175972]
[21]
Scammell, T.E. Overview of sleep: the neurologic processes of the sleep-wake cycle. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2015, 76(5)e13
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.14046tx1c] [PMID: 26035194]
[22]
Monti, J.M.; Torterolo, P.; Jantos, H.; Lagos, P. Microinjection of the melanin-concentrating hormone into the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus inhibits REM sleep in the rat. Neurosci. Lett., 2016, 630, 66-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.035] [PMID: 27461793]
[23]
Lüthi, A. Sleep: Switching off the off-switch. Curr. Biol., 2016, 26(16), R765-R767.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.059] [PMID: 27554656]
[24]
Rancillac, A. Serotonin and sleep-promoting neurons. Oncotarget, 2016, 7(48), 78222-78223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.13419] [PMID: 27861160]
[25]
Lee Kavanau, J. Evolutionary approaches to understanding sleep. Sleep Med. Rev., 2005, 9(2), 141-152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2004.11.002] [PMID: 15737792]
[26]
Allada, R.; Cirelli, C.; Sehgal, A. Molecular Mechanisms of Sleep Homeostasis in Flies and Mammals. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 2017, 9(8)a027730
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a027730] [PMID: 28432135]
[27]
Burgess, H.J.; Emens, J.S. Circadian-based therapies for circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Curr. Sleep Med. Rep., 2016, 2(3), 158-165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40675-016-0052-1] [PMID: 27990327]
[28]
Shangold, L. How to evaluate a diagnostic sleep study report. Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am., 2016, 49(6), 1307-1329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2016.07.003] [PMID: 27810014]
[29]
Ramar, K.; Olson, E.J. Management of common sleep disorders. Am. Fam. Physician, 2013, 88(4), 231-238.
[PMID: 23944726]
[30]
Khoury, J.; Doghramji, K. Primary sleep disorders. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 2015, 38(4), 683-704.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2015.08.002] [PMID: 26600103]
[31]
Merrigan, J.M.; Buysse, D.J.; Bird, J.C.; Livingston, E.H. JAMA patient page. Insomnia. JAMA, 2013, 309(7), 733.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.524] [PMID: 23423421]
[32]
Taylor, D.J.; Bramoweth, A.D.; Grieser, E.A.; Tatum, J.I.; Roane, B.M. Epidemiology of insomnia in college students: relationship with mental health, quality of life, and substance use difficulties. Behav. Ther., 2013, 44(3), 339-348.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2012.12.001] [PMID: 23768662]
[33]
Goldman-Mellor, S.; Gregory, A.M.; Caspi, A.; Harrington, H.; Parsons, M.; Poulton, R.; Moffitt, T.E. Mental health antecedents of early midlife insomnia: evidence from a four-decade longitudinal study. Sleep (Basel), 2014, 37(11), 1767-1775.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4168] [PMID: 25364072]
[34]
Riemann, D.; Nissen, C.; Palagini, L.; Otte, A.; Perlis, M.L.; Spiegelhalder, K. The neurobiology, investigation, and treatment of chronic insomnia. Lancet Neurol., 2015, 14(5), 547-558.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00021-6] [PMID: 25895933]
[35]
Van Someren, E.J.; Cirelli, C.; Dijk, D.J.; Van Cauter, E.; Schwartz, S.; Chee, M.W. Disrupted sleep: from molecules to cognition. J. Neurosci., 2015, 35(41), 13889-13895.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2592-15.2015] [PMID: 26468189]
[36]
Daniels, S.R. Sleep and obesity. J. Pediatr., 2009, 154(6), A3.
[PMID: 19446089]
[37]
Lazzarini, V.; Mentz, R.J.; Fiuzat, M.; Metra, M.; O’Connor, C.M. Heart failure in elderly patients: distinctive features and unresolved issues. Eur. J. Heart Fail., 2013, 15(7), 717-723.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hft028] [PMID: 23429975]
[38]
Dauvilliers, Y.; Lopez, R.; Ohayon, M.; Bayard, S. Hypersomnia and depressive symptoms: methodological and clinical aspects. BMC Med., 2013, 11, 78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-78] [PMID: 23514569]
[39]
de Souza Vilela, T.; Bittencourt, L.R.; Tufik, S.; Moreira, G.A. Factors influencing excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents. J. Pediatr. (Rio J.), 2016, 92(2), 149-155.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2015.05.006] [PMID: 26688555]
[40]
Zhao, Y.Y.; Blackwell, T.; Ensrud, K.E.; Stone, K.L.; Omachi, T.A.; Redline, S. Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Group. Sleep Apnea and Obstructive Airway Disease in Older Men: Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older Men Study. Sleep (Basel), 2016, 39(7), 1343-1351.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.5960] [PMID: 27091524]
[41]
Gulyani, S.; Salas, R.; Mari, Z.; Choi, S.; Mahajan, A.; Gamaldo, C. Evaluating and managing sleep disorders in the Parkinson’s disease clinic. Basal Ganglia, 2016, 6(3), 165-172.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baga.2016.05.001] [PMID: 27818912]
[42]
Cagnin, A.; Fragiacomo, F.; Camporese, G.; Turco, M.; Bussè, C.; Ermani, M.; Montagnese, S. Sleep-wake profile in dementia with lewy bodies, alzheimer’s disease, and normal aging. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2017, 55(4), 1529-1536.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160385] [PMID: 27886007]
[43]
Gamaldo, A.A.; Beydoun, M.A.; Beydoun, H.A.; Liang, H.; Salas, R.E.; Zonderman, A.B.; Gamaldo, C.E.; Eid, S.M. Sleep Disturbances among older adults in the United States, 2002-2012: nationwide inpatient rates, predictors, and outcomes. Front. Aging Neurosci., 2016, 8, 266.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00266] [PMID: 27895576]
[44]
Blazer, D.G.; Wallace, R.B. Cognitive Aging: What Every Geriatric Psychiatrist Should Know. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2016, 24(9), 776-781.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2016.06.013] [PMID: 27569270]
[45]
Musiek, E.S.; Holtzman, D.M. Mechanisms linking circadian clocks, sleep, and neurodegeneration. Science, 2016, 354(6315), 1004-1008.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aah4968] [PMID: 27885006]
[46]
Safarpour, D.; Willis, A.W. Clinical epidemiology, evaluation, and management of dementia in parkinson disease. Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen., 2016, 31(7), 585-594.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533317516653823] [PMID: 27295974]
[47]
Taddei, R.N.; Werth, E.; Poryazova, R.; Baumann, C.R.; Valko, P.O. Diagnostic delay in narcolepsy type 1: combining the patients’ and the doctors’ perspectives. J. Sleep Res., 2016, 25(6), 709-715.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12420] [PMID: 27149919]
[48]
Kowald, A.; Kirkwood, T.B.L. Can aging be programmed? A critical literature review. Aging Cell, 2016, 15(6), 986-998.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acel.12510] [PMID: 27534524]
[49]
Lazzarini, V.; Mentz, R.J.; Fiuzat, M.; Metra, M.; O’Connor, C.M. Heart failure in elderly patients: distinctive features and unresolved issues. Eur. J. Heart Fail., 2013, 15(7), 717-723.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hft028] [PMID: 23429975]
[50]
Robles, N.R.; Macias, J.F. Hypertension in the elderly. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med. Chem., 2015, 12(3), 136-145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871525713666150310112350] [PMID: 25761101]
[51]
Akinola, O.B. Sweet old memories: a review of the experimental models of the association between diabetes, senility and dementia. Metab. Brain Dis., 2016, 31(5), 1003-1010.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-016-9876-0] [PMID: 27444168]
[52]
Balducci, L. Cancer Prevention in the Older Individual. Semin. Oncol. Nurs., 2016, 32(3), 314-324.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2016.05.011] [PMID: 27539285]
[53]
Selman, M.; Buendía-Roldán, I.; Pardo, A. Aging and pulmonary fibrosis. Rev. Invest. Clin., 2016, 68(2), 75-83.
[PMID: 27103043]
[54]
Crowley, K. Sleep and sleep disorders in older adults. Neuropsychol. Rev., 2011, 21(1), 41-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11065-010-9154-6] [PMID: 21225347]
[55]
Zdanys, K.F.; Steffens, D.C. Sleep Disturbances in the Elderly. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 2015, 38(4), 723-741.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2015.07.010] [PMID: 26600105]
[56]
Mattis, J.; Sehgal, A. Circadian rhythms, sleep, and disorders of aging. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 2016, 27(4), 192-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.003] [PMID: 26947521]
[57]
Smagula, S.F.; Stone, K.L.; Fabio, A.; Cauley, J.A. Risk factors for sleep disturbances in older adults: evidence from prospective studies. Sleep Med. Rev., 2016, 25, 21-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2015.01.003] [PMID: 26140867]
[58]
Buysse, D.J. Insomnia. JAMA, 2013, 309(7), 706-716.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.193] [PMID: 23423416]
[59]
Kay-Stacey, M.; Attarian, H. Advances in the management of chronic insomnia. BMJ, 2016, 354, i2123.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i2123] [PMID: 27383400]
[60]
[61]
Kamel, N.S.; Gammack, J.K. Insomnia in the elderly: cause, approach, and treatment. Am. J. Med., 2006, 119(6), 463-469.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.051] [PMID: 16750956]
[62]
Wennberg, A.M.; Canham, S.L.; Smith, M.T.; Spira, A.P. Optimizing sleep in older adults: treating insomnia. Maturitas, 2013, 76(3), 247-252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.05.007] [PMID: 23746664]
[63]
Patel, K.V.; Cochrane, B.B.; Turk, D.C.; Bastian, L.A.; Haskell, S.G.; Woods, N.F.; Zaslavsky, O.; Wallace, R.B.; Kerns, R.D. Association of pain with physical function, depressive symptoms, fatigue, and sleep quality among veteran and non-veteran postmenopausal women. Gerontologist, 2016, 56(Suppl. 1), S91-S101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv670] [PMID: 26768395]
[64]
Sweetman, A.M.; Lack, L.C.; Catcheside, P.G.; Antic, N.A.; Chai-Coetzer, C.L.; Smith, S.S.; Douglas, J.A.; McEvoy, R.D. Developing a successful treatment for co-morbid insomnia and sleep apnoea. Sleep Med. Rev., 2017, 33, 28-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.04.004] [PMID: 27401786]
[65]
Spira, A.P.; Stone, K.L.; Rebok, G.W.; Punjabi, N.M.; Redline, S.; Ancoli-Israel, S.; Yaffe, K. Sleep-disordered breathing and functional decline in older women. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 2014, 62(11), 2040-2046.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13108] [PMID: 25376169]
[66]
Shastri, A.; Bangar, S.; Holmes, J. Obstructive sleep apnoea and dementia: is there a link? Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2016, 31(4), 400-405.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4345] [PMID: 26266479]
[67]
Endeshaw, Y.; Rice, T.B.; Schwartz, A.V.; Stone, K.L.; Manini, T.M.; Satterfield, S.; Cummings, S.; Harris, T.; Pahor, M. Health ABC Study. Snoring, daytime sleepiness, and incident cardiovascular disease in the health, aging, and body composition study. Sleep (Basel), 2013, 36(11), 1737-1745.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3140] [PMID: 24179308]
[68]
Senaratna, C.V.; Perret, J.L.; Lodge, C.J.; Lowe, A.J.; Campbell, B.E.; Matheson, M.C.; Hamilton, G.S.; Dhar-mage, S.C. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev,, 2016. S1087-0792(16), 30064-30068.
[69]
Chapman, J.L.; Serinel, Y.; Marshall, N.S.; Grunstein, R.R. Residual Daytime Sleepiness in Obstructive Sleep Apnea After Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Optimization: Causes and Management. Sleep Med. Clin., 2016, 11(3), 353-363.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2016.05.005] [PMID: 27542881]
[70]
Kassim, R.; Harris, M.A.; Leong, G.M.; Heussler, H. Obstructive sleep apnoea in children with obesity. J. Paediatr. Child Health, 2016, 52(3), 284-290.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13009] [PMID: 26748912]
[71]
Anttalainen, U.; Saaresranta, T.; Kalleinen, N.; Aittokallio, J.; Vahlberg, T.; Polo, O. Gender differences in age and BMI distributions in partial upper airway obstruction during sleep. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol., 2007, 159(2), 219-226.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2007.07.007] [PMID: 17869189]
[72]
Saint Martin, M.; Roche, F.; Thomas, T.; Collet, P.; Barthélémy, J.C.; Sforza, E. Association of body fat composition and obstructive sleep apnea in the elderly: a longitudinal study. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2015, 23(7), 1511-1516.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.21121] [PMID: 26054548]
[73]
Yamaguchi, K.; Inoue, Y.; Ohki, N.; Satoya, N.; Inoue, F.; Maeda, Y.; Sekiguchi, H.; Suzuki, M.; Tsuji, T.; Aoshiba, K.; Nagai, A. Gender-specific impacts of apnea, age, and BMI on parasympathetic nerve dysfunction during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. PLoS One, 2014, 9(3)e92808
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092808] [PMID: 24667894]
[74]
Cai, A.; Wang, L.; Zhou, Y. Hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea. Hypertens. Res., 2016, 39(6), 391-395.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hr.2016.11] [PMID: 26888120]
[75]
Javaheri, S.; Barbe, F.; Campos-Rodriguez, F.; Dempsey, J.A.; Khayat, R.; Javaheri, S.; Malhotra, A.; Martinez-Garcia, M.A.; Mehra, R.; Pack, A.I.; Polotsky, V.Y.; Redline, S.; Somers, V.K. Sleep apnea: types, mechanisms, and clinical cardiovascular consequences. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2017, 69(7), 841-858.
[76]
Koo, B.B.; Bagai, K.; Walters, A.S. Restless legs syndrome: current concepts about disease pathophysiology. Tremor Other Hyperkinet. Mov. (N. Y.), 2016, 6, 401.
[PMID: 27536462]
[77]
Rizzo, G.; Li, X.; Galantucci, S.; Filippi, M.; Cho, Y.W. Brain imaging and networks in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med., 2017, 31, 39-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.07.018] [PMID: 27838239]
[78]
Picchietti, D.L.; Van Den Eeden, S.K.; Inoue, Y.; Berger, K. Achievements, challenges, and future perspectives of epidemiologic research in restless legs syndrome (RLS). Sleep Med., 2017, 31, 3-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06.007] [PMID: 27567163]
[79]
Bertisch, S. In the Clinic. Restless legs syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med., 2015, 163(9), ITC1-ITC11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/AITC201511030] [PMID: 26524584]
[80]
Neikrug, A.B.; Ancoli-Israel, S. Sleep disorders in the older adult - a mini-review. Gerontology, 2010, 56(2), 181-189.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000236900] [PMID: 19738366]
[81]
Bogan, R.K. From bench to bedside: An overview of rotigotine for the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Clin. Ther., 2014, 36(3), 436-455.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.01.021] [PMID: 24636821]
[82]
Garnock-Jones, K.P. Rotigotine transdermal patch: a review in restless legs syndrome. Drugs, 2016, 76(10), 1031-1040.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40265-016-0601-4] [PMID: 27324269]
[83]
Nishino, S.; Sagawa, Y. The neurochemistry of awakening: findings from sleep disorder narcolepsy. Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 2010, 93, 229-255.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7742(10)93010-9] [PMID: 20970008]
[84]
Luca, G.; Haba-Rubio, J.; Dauvilliers, Y.; Lammers, G.J.; Overeem, S.; Donjacour, C.E.; Mayer, G.; Javidi, S.; Iranzo, A.; Santamaria, J.; Peraita-Adrados, R.; Hor, H.; Kutalik, Z.; Plazzi, G.; Poli, F.; Pizza, F.; Arnulf, I.; Lecendreux, M.; Bassetti, C.; Mathis, J.; Heinzer, R.; Jennum, P.; Knudsen, S.; Geisler, P.; Wierzbicka, A.; Feketeova, E.; Pfister, C.; Khatami, R.; Baumann, C.; Tafti, M. European Narcolepsy Network. Clinical, polysomnographic and genome-wide association analyses of narcolepsy with cataplexy: a European Narcolepsy Network study. J. Sleep Res., 2013, 22(5), 482-495.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12044] [PMID: 23496005]
[85]
Dauvilliers, Y.; Gosselin, A.; Paquet, J.; Touchon, J.; Billiard, M.; Montplaisir, J. Effect of age on MSLT results in patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy. Neurology, 2004, 62(1), 46-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000101725.34089.1E] [PMID: 14718696]
[86]
Chakravorty, S.S.; Rye, D.B. Narcolepsy in the older adult: epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Drugs Aging, 2003, 20(5), 361-376.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200320050-00005] [PMID: 12696996]
[87]
Scammell, T.E.; Matheson, J.K.; Honda, M.; Thannickal, T.C.; Siegel, J.M. Coexistence of narcolepsy and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging, 2012, 33(7), 1318-1319.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.12.008] [PMID: 21257235]
[88]
Roh, J.H.; Jiang, H.; Finn, M.B.; Stewart, F.R.; Mahan, T.E.; Cirrito, J.R.; Heda, A.; Snider, B.J.; Li, M.; Yanagisawa, M.; de Lecea, L.; Holtzman, D.M. Potential role of orexin and sleep modulation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Exp. Med., 2014, 211(13), 2487-2496.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20141788] [PMID: 25422493]
[89]
Nixon, J.P.; Mavanji, V.; Butterick, T.A.; Billington, C.J.; Kotz, C.M.; Teske, J.A. Sleep disorders, obesity, and aging: the role of orexin. Ageing Res. Rev., 2015, 20, 63-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2014.11.001] [PMID: 25462194]
[90]
Kovalská, P.; Kemlink, D.; Nevšímalová, S. Maurovich, Horvat.; Jarolímova, E.; Topinková, E.; Šonka, K. Narcolepsy with cataplexy in patients aged over 60 years: a case-control study. Sleep Med., 2016, 26, 79-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.05.011] [PMID: 27665501]
[91]
Campos, A.C.; Ferreira e Ferreira, E.; Vargas, A.M.; Albala, C. Aging, Gender and Quality of Life (AGEQOL) study: factors associated with good quality of life in older Brazilian community-dwelling adults. Health Qual. Life Outcomes, 2014, 12, 166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12955-014-0166-4] [PMID: 25433521]
[92]
De Luca d’Alessandro, E.; Bonacci, S.; Giraldi, G. Aging populations: the health and quality of life of the elderly. Clin. Ter., 2011, 162(1), e13-e18.
[PMID: 21448536]
[93]
Egan, K.J.; Knutson, K.L.; Pereira, A.C.; von Schantz, M. The role of race and ethnicity in sleep, circadian rhythms and cardiovascular health. Sleep Med. Rev., 2017, 33, 70-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.05.004] [PMID: 27908540]
[94]
Castelló-Domenech, A.B.; Del Valle, V.I.; Fernández-Garrido, J.; Martínez-Martínez, M.; Cauli, O. Sleep alterations in non-demented older individuals: The role of cortisol. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets, 2016, 16(3), 174-180.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530316666161130155003] [PMID: 27908262]
[95]
Xiao, Q.; Gu, F.; Caporaso, N.; Matthews, C.E. Relationship between sleep characteristics and measures of body size and composition in a nationally-representative sample. BMC Obes., 2016, 3, 48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40608-016-0128-y] [PMID: 27857841]
[96]
Bruin, V.M.; Bittencourt, L.R.; Tufik, S. Sleep-wake disturbances in Parkinson’s disease: current evidence regarding diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. Eur. Neurol., 2012, 67(5), 257-267.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000335078] [PMID: 22472981]
[97]
Kessler, R.C.; Bromet, E.J. The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 2013, 34, 119-138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409] [PMID: 23514317]
[98]
Peterson, M.J.; Benca, R.M. Sleep in mood disorders. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 2006, 29(4), 1009-1032.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2006.09.003] [PMID: 17118279]
[99]
Murphy, M.J.; Peterson, M.J. Sleep Disturbances in Depression. Sleep Med. Clin., 2015, 10(1), 17-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2014.11.009] [PMID: 26055669]
[100]
Luca, A.; Luca, M.; Calandra, C. Sleep disorders and depression: brief review of the literature, case report, and nonpharmacologic interventions for depression. Clin. Interv. Aging, 2013, 8, 1033-1039.
[PMID: 24019746]
[101]
Almeida, O.P.; Pfaff, J.J. Sleep complaints among older general practice patients: association with depression. Br. J. Gen. Pract., 2005, 55(520), 864-866.
[PMID: 16282003]
[102]
Xian, H.; Gonzalez, C.; Deych, E.; Farris, S.; Ding, J.; Shannon, W.; McCall, W.V. Age-related effects on circadian phase in the sleep of patients with depression and insomnia. Behav. Sleep Med., 2015, 13(3), 208-216.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2013.855213] [PMID: 24654955]
[103]
World Health Organization. Ageing and health. Fact sheet N°404 September, 2015.
[104]
Adav, S.S.; Sze, S.K. Insight of brain degenerative protein modifications in the pathology of neurodegeneration and dementia by proteomic profiling. Mol. Brain, 2016, 9(1), 92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13041-016-0272-9] [PMID: 27809929]
[105]
Kawada, T. Sleep duration and cognitive impairment in older adults. Aging Clin. Exp. Res., 2017, 29(4), 817.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40520-016-0631-5] [PMID: 27682434]
[106]
Zhang, F.; Zhong, R.; Li, S.; Chang, R.C.; Le, W. The missing link between sleep disorders and age-related dementia: recent evidence and plausible mechanisms. J. Neural Transm. (Vienna), 2017, 124(5), 559-568.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-017-1696-9] [PMID: 28188439]
[107]
Spira, A.P.; Gottesman, R.F. Sleep disturbance: an emerging opportunity for Alzheimer’s disease prevention? Int. Psychogeriatr., 2017, 29(4), 529-531.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610216002131] [PMID: 27938445]
[108]
Westwood, A.J.; Beiser, A.; Jain, N.; Himali, J.J.; DeCarli, C.; Auerbach, S.H.; Pase, M.P.; Seshadri, S. Prolonged sleep duration as a marker of early neurodegeneration predicting incident dementia. Neurology, 2017, 88(12), 1172-1179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003732] [PMID: 28228567]
[109]
Barone, D.A.; Chokroverty, S. Neurologic diseases and sleep. Sleep Med. Clin., 2017, 12(1), 73-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2016.10.007] [PMID: 28159099]
[110]
Neikrug, A.B.; Maglione, J.E.; Liu, L.; Natarajan, L.; Avanzino, J.A.; Corey-Bloom, J.; Palmer, B.W.; Loredo, J.S.; Ancoli-Israel, S. Effects of sleep disorders on the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease. J. Clin. Sleep Med., 2013, 9(11), 1119-1129.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.3148] [PMID: 24235892]
[111]
Ju, Y.S.; Videnovic, A.; Vaughn, B.V. Comorbid sleep disturbances in neurologic disorders. Continuum (Minneap. Minn.), , 2017, 23(4, Sleep Neurology), 1117-1131.
[PMID: 28777179]
[112]
Videnovic, A. Management of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy. Mov. Disord., 2017, 32(5), 659-668.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.26918] [PMID: 28116784]
[113]
Ehgoetz Martens, K.A.; Lewis, S.J. Pathology of behavior in PD: What is known and what is not? J. Neurol. Sci., 2017, 374, 9-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2016.12.062] [PMID: 28089250]
[114]
Tekriwal, A.; Kern, D.S.; Tsai, J.; Ince, N.F.; Wu, J.; Thompson, J.A.; Abosch, A. REM sleep behaviour disorder: prodromal and mechanistic insights for Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 2017, 88(5), 445-451.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2016-314471] [PMID: 27965397]
[115]
Gallea, C.; Ewenczyk, C.; Degos, B.; Welter, M.L.; Grabli, D.; Leu-Semenescu, S.; Valabregue, R.; Berroir, P.; Yahia-Cherif, L.; Bertasi, E.; Fernandez-Vidal, S.; Bardinet, E.; Roze, E.; Benali, H.; Poupon, C.; François, C.; Arnulf, I.; Lehéricy, S.; Vidailhet, M. Pedunculopontine network dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease with postural control and sleep disorders. Mov. Disord., 2017, 32(5), 693-704.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.26923] [PMID: 28164375]
[116]
Videnovic, A. Management of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy. Mov. Disord., 2017, 32(5), 659-668.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.26918] [PMID: 28116784]
[117]
Ylikoski, A.; Martikainen, K.; Sieminski, M.; Partinen, M. Sleeping difficulties and health-related quality of life in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol. Scand., 2017, 135(4), 459-468.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ane.12620] [PMID: 27282092]
[118]
Wolkove, N.; Elkholy, O.; Baltzan, M.; Palayew, M. Sleep and aging: 2. Management of sleep disorders in older people. CMAJ, 2007, 176(10), 1449-1454.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.070335] [PMID: 17485699]
[119]
Wortelboer, U.; Cohrs, S.; Rodenbeck, A.; Rüther, E. Tolerability of hypnosedatives in older patients. Drugs Aging, 2002, 19(7), 529-539.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200219070-00006] [PMID: 12182689]
[120]
McCrae, C.S.; Ross, A.; Stripling, A.; Dautovich, N.D. Eszopiclone for late-life insomnia. Clin. Interv. Aging, 2007, 2(3), 313-326.
[PMID: 18044182]
[121]
Pandi-Perumal, S.R. BaHammam, A.S.; Brown, G.M.; Spence, D.W.; Bharti, V.K.; Kaur, C.; Hardeland, R.; Cardi-nali, D.P. Melatonin antioxidative defense: therapeutical im-plications for aging and neurodegenerative processes. Neurotox. Res., 2013, 23(3), 267-300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12640-012-9337-4] [PMID: 22739839]
[122]
Li, C.T.; Su, T.P.; Wang, Y.; Lee, B.; Toh, M.; Ho, T. Pharmacokinetics of a Novel Zolpidem Nasal Spray for Rapid Management of Insomnia: First Trial in Humans. J. Clin. Sleep Med., 2016, 12(11), 1453-1459.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6264] [PMID: 27568900]
[123]
Lyseng-Williamson, K.A. Melatonin prolonged release: in the treatment of insomnia in patients aged ≥55 years. Drugs Aging, 2012, 29(11), 911-923.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40266-012-0018-z] [PMID: 23044640]
[124]
Chen, L.; Bell, J.S.; Visvanathan, R.; Hilmer, S.N.; Emery, T.; Robson, L.; Hughes, J.M.; Tan, E.C. The association between benzodiazepine use and sleep quality in residential aged care facilities: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr., 2016, 16(1), 196.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12877-016-0363-6] [PMID: 27888835]
[125]
McWhirter, D.; Bae, C.; Budur, K. The assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of excessive sleepiness: practical considerations for the psychiatrist. Psychiatry (Edgmont Pa.), 2007, 4(9), 26-35.
[PMID: 20532118]
[126]
Slater, G.; Steier, J. Excessive daytime sleepiness in sleep disorders. J. Thorac. Dis., 2012, 4(6), 608-616.
[PMID: 23205286]
[127]
Saccomano, S.J. Sleep disorders in older adults. J. Gerontol. Nurs., 2014, 40(3), 38-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20131029-06] [PMID: 24219077]
[128]
Abad, V.C.; Guilleminault, C. New developments in the management of narcolepsy. Nat. Sci. Sleep, 2017, 9, 39-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S103467] [PMID: 28424564]
[129]
Dos Santos, A.B.; Barreto, G.E.; Kohlmeier, K.A. Treatment of sleeping disorders should be considered in clinical management of Parkinson’s disease. Front. Aging Neurosci., 2014, 6, 273.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2014.00273] [PMID: 25346687]
[130]
Robillard, R.; Bouchard, M.; Cartier, A.; Nicolau, L.; Carrier, J. Sleep is more sensitive to high doses of caffeine in the middle years of life. J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford), 2015, 29(6), 688-697.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881115575535] [PMID: 25759402]
[131]
Clark, I.; Landolt, H.P. Coffee, caffeine, and sleep: A systematic review of epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med. Rev., 2017, 31, 70-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.01.006] [PMID: 26899133]
[132]
Wise, M.S.; Arand, D.L.; Auger, R.R.; Brooks, S.N.; Watson, N.F. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Treatment of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias of central origin. Sleep, 2007, 30(12), 1712-1727.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.12.1712] [PMID: 18246981]
[133]
Barateau, L.; Lopez, R.; Dauvilliers, Y. Treatment Options for Narcolepsy. CNS Drugs, 2016, 30(5), 369-379.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-016-0337-4] [PMID: 27155860]
[134]
Fiorentino, L.; Martin, J.L. Awake at 4 AM: treatment of insomnia with early morning awakenings among older adults. J. Clin. Psychol., 2010, 66(11), 1161-1174.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20734] [PMID: 20845423]
[135]
Ferini-Strambi, L.; Marelli, S.; Galbiati, A.; Castronovo, C. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on cognitition and neuroimaging data in sleep apnea. Int. J. Psychophysiol., 2013, 89(2), 203-212.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.03.022] [PMID: 23570950]
[136]
Whitla, L.; Lennon, P. Non-surgical management of obstructive sleep apnoea: a review. Paediatr. Int. Child Health, 2017, 37(1), 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20469047.2016.1162391] [PMID: 27077480]
[137]
Sakarya, E.U.; Bayar Muluk, N. Sakalar. E.G.; Senturk, M.; Aricigil, M.; Bafaqeeh, S.A.; Cingi, C. Use of intranasal cor-ticosteroids in adenotonsillar hypertrophy. J. Laryngol. Otol., 2017, 131(5), 384-390.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022215117000408] [PMID: 28238295]
[138]
Larouche, M.; Côté, G.; Bélisle, D.; Lorrain, D. Kind attention and non-judgment in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy applied to the treatment of insomnia: state of knowledge. Pathol. Biol. (Paris), 2014, 62(5), 284-291.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patbio.2014.07.002] [PMID: 25104242]
[139]
Irwin, M.R.; Olmstead, R.; Breen, E.C.; Witarama, T.; Carrillo, C.; Sadeghi, N.; Arevalo, J.M.; Ma, J.; Nicassio, P.; Bootzin, R.; Cole, S. Cognitive behavioral therapy and tai chi reverse cellular and genomic markers of inflammation in late-life insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. Biol. Psychiatry, 2015, 78(10), 721-729.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.010] [PMID: 25748580]
[140]
Shub, D.; Darvishi, R.; Kunik, M.E. Non-pharmacologic treatment of insomnia in persons with dementia. Geriatrics, 2009, 64(2), 22-26.
[PMID: 19256583]
[141]
Thompson, R.; Schofield, B. Insomnia: how can I promote an environment that supports sleep for people with dementia? Nurs. Older People, 2013, 25(2), 12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nop2013.03.25.2.12.s11] [PMID: 23581219]
[142]
Hanford, N.; Figueiro, M. Light therapy and Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia: past, present, and future. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2013, 33(4), 913-922.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-121645] [PMID: 23099814]
[143]
Vaz Fragoso, C.A.; Miller, M.E.; King, A.C.; Kritchevsky, S.B.; Liu, C.K.; Myers, V.H.; Nadkarni, N.K.; Pahor, M.; Spring, B.J.; Gill, T.M. Lifestyle interventions and independence for elders study group. effect of structured physical activity on sleep-wake behaviors in sedentary elderly adults with mobility limitations. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 2015, 63(7), 1381-1390.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13509] [PMID: 26115386]
[144]
Figorilli, M.; Puligheddu, M.; Ferri, R. Restless legs syndrome/willis-ekbom disease and periodic limb movements in sleep in the elderly with and without dementia. Sleep Med. Clin., 2015, 10(3), 331-342. xiv-xv.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2015.05.011] [PMID: 26329443]
[145]
Sheng, P.; Hou, L.; Wang, X.; Wang, X.; Huang, C.; Yu, M.; Han, X.; Dong, Y. Efficacy of modafinil on fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness associated with neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2013, 8(12)e81802
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081802] [PMID: 24312590]
[146]
Sengul, Y.; Sengul, H.S.; Yucekaya, S.K.; Yucel, S.; Bakim, B.; Pazarcı, N.K.; Özdemir, G. Cognitive functions, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances: assessment of nonmotor features in young patients with essential tremor. Acta Neurol. Belg., 2015, 115(3), 281-287.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13760-014-0396-6] [PMID: 25471376]
[147]
Vinnikov, D.; Blanc, P.D.; Alilin, A.; Zutler, M.; Holty, J.C. Fatigue and sleepiness determine respiratory quality of life among veterans evaluated for sleep apnea. Health Qual. Life Outcomes, 2017, 15(1), 48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12955-017-0624-x] [PMID: 28288646]
[148]
Carvalho, D.Z.; St Louis, E.K.; Boeve, B.F.; Mielke, M.M.; Przybelski, S.A.; Knopman, D.S.; Machulda, M.M.; Roberts, R.O.; Geda, Y.E.; Petersen, R.C.; Jack, C.R., Jr; Vemuri, P. Excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue may indicate accelerated brain aging in cognitively normal late middle-aged and older adults. Sleep Med., 2017, 32, 236-243.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.08.023] [PMID: 28065685]
[149]
Baril, A.A.; Gagnon, K.; Brayet, P.; Montplaisir, J.; De Beaumont, L.; Carrier, J.; Lafond, C.; L’Heureux, F.; Gag-non, J.F.; Gosselin, N. Gray matter hypertrophy and thickening with obstructive sleep apnea in middle-aged and older adults. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., In press
[150]
Horner, R.L.; Grace, K.P.; Wellman, A. A resource of potential drug targets and strategic decision-making for obstructive sleep apnoea pharmacotherapy. Respirology, 2017, 22(5), 861-873.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/resp.13079] [PMID: 28544082]
[151]
Theorell-Haglöw, J.; Miller, C.B.; Bartlett, D.J.; Yee, B.J.; Openshaw, H.D.; Grunstein, R.R. Gender differences in obstructive sleep apnoea, insomnia and restless legs syndrome in adults-What do we know? A clinical update Sleep Med Rev, , 2017. S1087-0792, 30061-30068.
[152]
Hesselbacher, S.; Subramanian, S.; Rao, S.; Casturi, L.; Surani, S. Self-reported sleep bruxism and nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: relationship to gender and ethnicity. Open Respir. Med. J., 2014, 8, 34-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874306401408010034] [PMID: 25352924]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version578msRequest Duration28MBMemory UsageGET article/{article_id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[13:21:57] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $article_id declared before required parameter $request i...
  • warninglog[13:21:58] LOG.warning: trim(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated ...
  • warninglog[13:21:58] LOG.warning: Function strftime() is deprecated in /home/alphaeurekaselec/public_html/stor...
  • Booting (101ms)time
  • Application (477ms)time
  • 1 x Application (82.53%)
    477ms
    1 x Booting (17.47%)
    101ms
    14 templates were rendered
    • articlearticle.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.article_top_bannerarticle_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.article_referencearticle_reference.blade.php#?blade
    • export_citation_formexport_citation_form.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.article_bottom_bannerarticle_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.journal_rightmenujournal_rightmenu.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.journal_right_bannerjournal_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET article/{article_id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ArticleController@GetArticleDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    article
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:1974-2510
    37 statements were executed, 4 of which were duplicates, 33 unique. Show only duplicated387ms
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('60015499','',1,1739971317,1739971317) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1739971317
      1.36msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('60015499','/article/92799',1,1739971317,1739971317)
      1.14msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 60015499 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 60015499) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 60015499 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 60015499) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 60015499 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 60015499) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 60015499 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 60015499) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 60015499 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 60015499) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 60015499 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 60015499) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 60015499 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 60015499) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 60015499 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 60015499) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 60015499 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 60015499) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 60015499 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 60015499) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 60015499 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 60015499) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 60015499 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 60015499) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 60015499 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 60015499) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 60015499 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 60015499) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 60015499 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 60015499) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 60015499 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 60015499) limit 1
      23.45msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 60015499
      • 1: 60015499
      • 2: 60015499
      • 3: 60015499
      • 4: 60015499
      • 5: 60015499
      • 6: 60015499
      • 7: 60015499
      • 8: 60015499
      • 9: 60015499
      • 10: 60015499
      • 11: 60015499
      • 12: 60015499
      • 13: 60015499
      • 14: 60015499
      • 15: 60015499
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • SELECT at.type_name, p.copyright, p.publisher_location,m.month,y.year, a.publish_on, a.nid article_nid,a.article_id, a.pmid, a.issue_id, a.title, a.abstract,a.podcast,a.altmetric_score,a.altmetric_url,a.kudos_url, a.page_count, a.first_page, a.elocator, a.last_page, i.publication_date, a.file_name, a.file_path, a.doi, a.is_epub,a.epub_type, a.volume_id, a.is_uploaded, a.editor_choice, a.is_epub, j.image_file_name, a.article_no, a.art_type AS article_type, a.supplementary_filename,a.html_filename,a.prc_filename,a.epub_filename, a.graph_abs_lg_filename, a.graph_abs_sm_filename, a.oa_image_lg_filename, a.oa_image_sm_filename, j.journal_banner,a.animated_abstract,a.erratum_in,a.erratum_for, (CASE WHEN a.issue_id =0 THEN j.epub_price ELSE j.price END) AS sell_price, j.epub_price, j.nid AS jour_nid, j.title AS journal_title, j.issn, j.eissn,j.journal_id, j.subtitle AS jour_subtitle, v.volume_id,v.volume_name AS volume, v.year_id, i.title AS issue, i.month_id ,i.type issue_type, j.subtitle,j.formerly_title, ac.subtitle AS epub_title,a.crossmark_enabled,a.text_mining_urls,a.license_urls,a.created, a.receivedate, a.revisedate, a.acceptdate,js.js_title FROM article a LEFT JOIN article_section ac ON a.is_epub = ac.art_sec_id LEFT JOIN journal_section js ON a.js_id = js.js_id LEFT JOIN article_type at ON a.art_type = at.art_type_id LEFT JOIN issue i ON a.issue_id = i.issue_id LEFT JOIN month m ON m.id = i.month_id LEFT JOIN volume v ON v.volume_id = a.volume_id INNER JOIN year y ON y.id = v.year_id INNER JOIN journal j ON j.journal_id = a.journal_id INNER JOIN publisher p ON p.publisher_id = j.publisher_id WHERE a.article_id=92799
      3.05msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#408
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:408
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2515
      • 13. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select * from `journal` where `journal_id` = 25 limit 1
      900μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Journal.php#64
      Bindings
      • 0: 25
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Journal.php:64
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2516
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select count(*) as aggregate from (select j.nid as journal_nid,j.flyer_link,j.title ,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword, j.journal_id as journal_id, j.subtitle, j.image_file_name,j.description,j.journal_insight_url,j.doi from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where j.journal_status=1 and subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=25) and sj.journal_id!=25 group by `j`.`nid`) as `aggregate_table`
      1.46msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#200
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:200
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2517
      • 18. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select j.nid as journal_nid,j.flyer_link,j.title ,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword, j.journal_id as journal_id, j.subtitle, j.image_file_name,j.description,j.journal_insight_url,j.doi from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where j.journal_status=1 and subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=25) and sj.journal_id!=25 group by `j`.`nid` order by `j`.`journal_id` asc limit 10 offset 0
      1.18msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#200
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:200
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2517
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select count(*) as aggregate from (select v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `v`.`year_id` where subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=25) and v.ebook_status='1' and y.year > 2020 group by `v`.`nid`) as `aggregate_table`
      141msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#220
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:220
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2518
      • 18. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `v`.`year_id` where subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=25) and v.ebook_status='1' and y.year > 2020 group by `v`.`nid` order by `v`.`ebook_volume_id` desc limit 10 offset 0
      3.3msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#220
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:220
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2518
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select * from `keywords` where `article_id` = '92799'
      1.54msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Keywords.php#43
      Bindings
      • 0: 92799
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Keywords.php:43
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2519
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select * from `article_citation` where `article_id` = '92799'
      3.67msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1570
      Bindings
      • 0: 92799
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:1570
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2520
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`article_id` = '92799' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      1.75msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 92799
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2533
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select `bo`.* from `bundle_offer` as `bo` where `bo`.`bundle_status` = 'A' order by `bo`.`bundle_id` desc
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022BundleOffer.php#57
      Bindings
      • 0: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/BundleOffer.php:57
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2535
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select `subtitle` from `journal` where `continues_publication_journal` = 1
      480μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1960
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:1960
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2062
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • Select j.subtitle, v.volume_id as volume_id,v.year_id,y.year as year,v.volume_name, v.total_no_of_issues, i.issue_id as issue_id,i.title as issue, i.publication_date as issue_pub_date from journal j join volume v on j.journal_id = v.journal_id join issue i on v.volume_id = i.volume_id join article a on a.issue_id = i.issue_id join year y on v.year_id = y.id where j.journal_id = 25 and i.is_uploaded = 1 order by v.volume_name+0 desc, i.title+0 desc limit 1
      33.29msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Issue.php#298
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Issue.php:298
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2068
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid,a.publish_on, a.pmid,a.article_id,a.doi,j.journal_id,j.subtitle,v.volume_name,a.volume_id as volume_id, a.issue_id,a.title,first_page, last_page, page_count,abstract,ifnull(is_abstract,"y"),asec.title as article_section,at.type_name as article_type_name, a.article_id as ArticleID ,is_epub,epub_price,epub_type,a.created, y.year from `article` as `a` left join `article_section` as `asec` on `asec`.`art_sec_id` = `a`.`is_epub` left join `article_type` as `at` on `at`.`art_type_id` = `a`.`art_type` left join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `a`.`journal_id` inner join `volume` as `v` on `a`.`volume_id` = `v`.`volume_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `v`.`year_id` = `y`.`id` where a.article_status != "W" and a.is_epub = 1 and a.journal_id = 25 and a.is_uploaded = 1 group by `a`.`article_id` order by `a`.`publish_on` desc
      76.61msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#528
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:528
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2070
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid,a.publish_on, a.pmid,a.article_id,a.doi,j.journal_id,j.subtitle,v.volume_name,a.volume_id as volume_id, a.issue_id,a.title,first_page, last_page, page_count,abstract,ifnull(is_abstract,"y"),asec.title as article_section,at.type_name as article_type_name, a.article_id as ArticleID ,is_epub,epub_price,epub_type,a.created, y.year from `article` as `a` left join `article_section` as `asec` on `asec`.`art_sec_id` = `a`.`is_epub` left join `article_type` as `at` on `at`.`art_type_id` = `a`.`art_type` left join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `a`.`journal_id` inner join `volume` as `v` on `a`.`volume_id` = `v`.`volume_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `v`.`year_id` = `y`.`id` where a.article_status != "W" and a.is_epub = 4 and a.journal_id = 25 and a.is_uploaded = 1 group by `a`.`article_id` order by `a`.`publish_on` desc
      32.09msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#528
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:528
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2071
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select pdf, html, epub, prc from `article_metrics` where `article_id` = 92799 limit 1
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#744
      Bindings
      • 0: 92799
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:744
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2091
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from content_by_diseases where content_id = 92799 and content_type = 'article' order by status desc limit 1
      300μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#751
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:751
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2094
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid article_nid,a.title article_title,j.title journal_title from content_by_diseases cd inner join article a on a.article_id=cd.content_id inner join journal j on j.journal_id=a.journal_id where cd.pid = 258 and cd.sub_disease_id = 357 and content_id!=92799 and cd.content_type = 'article' order by rand() limit 20
      46.04msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#769
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:769
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2098
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `node_meta` where `nid` = 165100 limit 1
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Meta.php#30
      Bindings
      • 0: 165100
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Meta.php:30
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2101
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `bo`.* from `bundle_offer` as `bo` where `bo`.`bundle_status` = 'A' order by `bo`.`bundle_id` desc
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022BundleOffer.php#57
      Bindings
      • 0: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/BundleOffer.php:57
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2108
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `tbl_ht_submission` as `h` where `h`.`subtitle` = 'CMC' and (h.proposal_closing_date = 0 OR TO_DAYS(FROM_UNIXTIME(h.proposal_closing_date)) >= TO_DAYS(NOW())) order by `h`.`manuscript` asc
      340μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#2025
      Bindings
      • 0: CMC
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:2025
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2112
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '92799' and content_type = 'a' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      330μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2186
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '9353' and content_type = 'i' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      280μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2207
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '2572' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2231
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60015499 and j.to_ip >=60015499 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971317 and j.to_date >= 1739971317 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2572) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60015499 and j.to_ip >=60015499 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971317 and j.to_date >= 1739971317 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2572) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60015499 and j.to_ip >=60015499 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971317 and j.to_date >= 1739971317 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2572)
      5.46msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2272
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60015499 and j.to_ip >=60015499 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971317 and j.to_date >= 1739971317 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 9353) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60015499 and j.to_ip >=60015499 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971317 and j.to_date >= 1739971317 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 9353) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60015499 and j.to_ip >=60015499 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971317 and j.to_date >= 1739971317 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 9353)
      530μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2297
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60015499 and j.to_ip >=60015499 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971317 and j.to_date >= 1739971317 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 92799) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60015499 and j.to_ip >=60015499 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971317 and j.to_date >= 1739971317 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 92799) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 60015499 and j.to_ip >=60015499 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739971317 and j.to_date >= 1739971317 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 92799)
      520μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2329
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `article` where `first_page` < '4775' and is_uploaded = 1 and issue_id = 9353 order by cast(first_page as SIGNED) desc limit 1
      540μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1819
      Bindings
      • 0: 4775
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:1819
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2470
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `article` where `last_page` > '4785' and is_uploaded = 1 and issue_id = 9353 order by cast(first_page as SIGNED) asc limit 1
      430μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1831
      Bindings
      • 0: 4785
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:1831
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2472
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `language_id` from `multilanguage` where `short_code` = 'en'
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ArticleController.php#2497
      Bindings
      • 0: en
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2497
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select `source_lang_label`, `target_lang_label` from `multilanguage_labels` where `target_lang_id` = 1
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022MultiLanguage.php#23
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/MultiLanguage.php:23
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2498
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `id` from `multilanguage_article` where `article_id` = 92799 limit 1
      1.58msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ArticleController.php#2506
      Bindings
      • 0: 92799
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2506
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `bd`.`content_id` where `b`.`banner_journal` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'J' and `bd`.`content_id` = 25 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739971318 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739971318 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.12msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: J
      • 2: 25
      • 3: 1739971318
      • 4: 1739971318
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `bd`.`content_id` where `b`.`banner_journal` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'J' and `bd`.`content_id` = 25 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739971318 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739971318 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.26msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: J
      • 2: 25
      • 3: 1739971318
      • 4: 1739971318
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='1a0361f81f7cef6796f48a91f63f53dc'
      270μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\MultiLanguage
    1MultiLanguage.php#?
    App\Models\MultiLangArticle
    1MultiLangArticle.php#?
        _token
        j4mluVXVWTk2dqgUmqin68AmqokJb2zTnFvrcNp7
        uc_cart_id
        1a0361f81f7cef6796f48a91f63f53dc
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/article/92799" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /article/92799
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:8 [ "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 19 Feb 2025 13:21:58 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImdvUitSSjIwUFRCcDZKRHByMi9OK1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWUNnUGtkKzFrOEZ0eUJCZDQ3cmFoNytDeEc0OEF4VFFRdTZTRk02NHlpdnFKRjdrb1M5b2RQOWFwRmlQYWgrdlhhNGg4SUFaeGl5QlFPSGZLK1lJWWxOdjZUY05vTTZ0dWZoeUYySHl1RXp2N3J1RnpzN29ERDh1eUFrVjZrL08iLCJtYWMiOiIwOTNhNjEwYzEyMTRmOTYxYzJmMWI2NmU1ZmNmN2IzMDU5MjIwN2U1MGRiM2Q1ZjY0NTgwYTQ1M2JlZmE5NWVkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22 Feb 2025 01:21:58 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImdvUitSSjIwUFRCcDZKRHByMi9OK1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWUNnUGtkKzFrOEZ0eUJCZDQ3cmFoNytDeEc0OEF4VFFRdTZTRk02NHlpdnFKRjdrb1M5b2RQOWFwRmlQYWgrdlhhNGg4S" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImJsaHNjU3pRSFlzWDY0SUJRRXhrOFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNkJON0o5Z0JicXVLSWNkZUdwZDErVDFaVjc5ZUprY3lwYStxaFV2NThOS3F2cjdZSlNYZitZRldVSkdDb05aUnAxWSt0b0RvdTRxUDBTa2xXSldacklzUnBGQllsUU1Dak5xaGVvKzQwQ0RwOW1NOEhrN1Noay9yQnBRRXNwZ3AiLCJtYWMiOiJiODhhNjFjNjQ4Mjc0Mzk0OTFiMzBhZDliYmQ2ODMxOTliY2IxOTgyOTA4MDlkYTM1MTI3MDE2MDAxMzg5NWRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImJsaHNjU3pRSFlzWDY0SUJRRXhrOFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNkJON0o5Z0JicXVLSWNkZUdwZDErVDFaVjc5ZUprY3lwYStxaFV2NThOS3F2cjdZSlNYZitZRld" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImdvUitSSjIwUFRCcDZKRHByMi9OK1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWUNnUGtkKzFrOEZ0eUJCZDQ3cmFoNytDeEc0OEF4VFFRdTZTRk02NHlpdnFKRjdrb1M5b2RQOWFwRmlQYWgrdlhhNGg4SUFaeGl5QlFPSGZLK1lJWWxOdjZUY05vTTZ0dWZoeUYySHl1RXp2N3J1RnpzN29ERDh1eUFrVjZrL08iLCJtYWMiOiIwOTNhNjEwYzEyMTRmOTYxYzJmMWI2NmU1ZmNmN2IzMDU5MjIwN2U1MGRiM2Q1ZjY0NTgwYTQ1M2JlZmE5NWVkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 22-Feb-2025 01:21:58 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImdvUitSSjIwUFRCcDZKRHByMi9OK1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWUNnUGtkKzFrOEZ0eUJCZDQ3cmFoNytDeEc0OEF4VFFRdTZTRk02NHlpdnFKRjdrb1M5b2RQOWFwRmlQYWgrdlhhNGg4S" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImJsaHNjU3pRSFlzWDY0SUJRRXhrOFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNkJON0o5Z0JicXVLSWNkZUdwZDErVDFaVjc5ZUprY3lwYStxaFV2NThOS3F2cjdZSlNYZitZRldVSkdDb05aUnAxWSt0b0RvdTRxUDBTa2xXSldacklzUnBGQllsUU1Dak5xaGVvKzQwQ0RwOW1NOEhrN1Noay9yQnBRRXNwZ3AiLCJtYWMiOiJiODhhNjFjNjQ4Mjc0Mzk0OTFiMzBhZDliYmQ2ODMxOTliY2IxOTgyOTA4MDlkYTM1MTI3MDE2MDAxMzg5NWRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImJsaHNjU3pRSFlzWDY0SUJRRXhrOFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNkJON0o5Z0JicXVLSWNkZUdwZDErVDFaVjc5ZUprY3lwYStxaFV2NThOS3F2cjdZSlNYZitZRld" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "j4mluVXVWTk2dqgUmqin68AmqokJb2zTnFvrcNp7" "uc_cart_id" => "1a0361f81f7cef6796f48a91f63f53dc" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/article/92799" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 13:21:58GET/article/92799314372