Abstract
Humans have always lived with tubercle bacilli. Host susceptibility – both inherited and acquired – determines whether an individual infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis will eventually fall ill and develop tuberculosis (TB). After infection with M. tuberculosis, a latent TB infection may ensue reflected by immune recognition of specific antigenic epitopes expressed by M. tuberculosis – the Region of Difference 1 proteins ESAT-6 and CFP-10 leading to interferon gamma release in vitro. Multi-Drug-Resistant TB has emerged as an enormous infectious threat in certain regions in the world, and the Acquired immunodeficiency by co-infection with HIV has accelerated the TB epidemic even further. A paradoxical response – or Immune Response Inflammatory Syndrome in the context of treatment of HIV co-infection - is an increased inflammatory reaction during effective reduction in the bacterial load. This should be differentiated from treatment failure. A huge challenge is to develop novel markers that can differentiate paradoxical responses from treatment failure. We discuss the role of protection of vaccines – especially BCG, iron metabolism and the role of vitamin D.
Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, immune response, interferon gamma, BCG, vitamin D, iron, immune response inflammatory syndrome, Multi-Drug Resistant TB (MDR-TB), sputum smear microscopy, Mycobactin
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Immunology in Tuberculosis: Challenges in Monitoring of Disease Activity and Identifying Correlates of Protection
Volume: 17 Issue: 27
Author(s): Richard van Altena, Sridevi Duggirala, Matthias I. P.Groschel and Tjip S. van der Werf
Affiliation:
Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, immune response, interferon gamma, BCG, vitamin D, iron, immune response inflammatory syndrome, Multi-Drug Resistant TB (MDR-TB), sputum smear microscopy, Mycobactin
Abstract: Humans have always lived with tubercle bacilli. Host susceptibility – both inherited and acquired – determines whether an individual infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis will eventually fall ill and develop tuberculosis (TB). After infection with M. tuberculosis, a latent TB infection may ensue reflected by immune recognition of specific antigenic epitopes expressed by M. tuberculosis – the Region of Difference 1 proteins ESAT-6 and CFP-10 leading to interferon gamma release in vitro. Multi-Drug-Resistant TB has emerged as an enormous infectious threat in certain regions in the world, and the Acquired immunodeficiency by co-infection with HIV has accelerated the TB epidemic even further. A paradoxical response – or Immune Response Inflammatory Syndrome in the context of treatment of HIV co-infection - is an increased inflammatory reaction during effective reduction in the bacterial load. This should be differentiated from treatment failure. A huge challenge is to develop novel markers that can differentiate paradoxical responses from treatment failure. We discuss the role of protection of vaccines – especially BCG, iron metabolism and the role of vitamin D.
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Cite this article as:
van Altena Richard, Duggirala Sridevi, I. P.Groschel Matthias and S. van der Werf Tjip, Immunology in Tuberculosis: Challenges in Monitoring of Disease Activity and Identifying Correlates of Protection, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2011; 17 (27) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161211797470228
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161211797470228 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
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