Abstract
Background: The herbal plant “Moringa oleifera Lam” is widely cultivated throughout India. The plant belongs to the Moringaceae family. It is commonly called as Drumstick tree and Horse-radish tree. Sometimes, the plant Moringa oleifera is called a “Miracle tree or Tree of life.”
Objective: The current manuscript summarizes the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties of M.oleifera.
Methods: Several pieces of literature have been searched in books, journals, and databases, including ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Publons, and Scopus.
Results: The fruits and leaves of M. oleifera are generally used as a vegetable in the Indian subcontinent region. The whole parts of a plant contain valuable and essential therapeutic features; it has the richest content of antiradical components and nutrients. Various secondary components include hexacosone, pentacosane, phytol, carotenes, tocopherols, isothiocyanates, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, sinalbin, and gallic acid. It contains a higher percentage of vitamin A-E and vitamin K. Some mineral components include copper, calcium, potassium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and manganese. It has approximately more than forty naturally occurring antiradical constituents. The plant has diversified medicinal applications such as antidiabetic, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antifertility, antiallergic, antipyretic, wound healing, analgesic, central nervous system activity, and hepatoprotective activities. The plant Moringa oleifera Lam has been found effective in various infections and diseases.
Conclusion: This article provides a detailed explanation of the phytochemical and pharmacological activity of the plant that is being discussed.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Kou X, Li B, Olayanju J, Drake J, Chen N. Nutraceutical or pharmacological potential of Moringa oleifera Lam. Nutrients 2018; 10(3): 343.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10030343] [PMID: 29534518]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10030343] [PMID: 29534518]
[2]
Mahato DK, Kargwal R, Kamle M, et al. Ethnopharmacological properties and nutraceutical potential of Moringa oleifera. Phytomedicine Plus 2022; 2(1): 100168.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100168]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100168]
[3]
Singh AK, Rana HK, Tshabalala T, et al. Phytochemical, nutraceutical and pharmacological attributes of a functional crop Moringa oleifera Lam: An overview. S Afr J Bot 2020; 129: 209-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.06.017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.06.017]
[4]
Patil SV, Mohite BV, Marathe KR, Salunkhe NS, Marathe V, Patil VS. Moringa tree, gift of nature: A review on nutritional and industrial potential. Curr Pharmacol Rep 2022; 8(4): 262-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40495-022-00288-7] [PMID: 35600137]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40495-022-00288-7] [PMID: 35600137]
[5]
Kumar S, Bhattacharya A, Tiwari P, Sahu PK. A review of the phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics of Moringa oleifera. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2018; 10(4): 181-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/JPBS.JPBS_126_18] [PMID: 30568375]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/JPBS.JPBS_126_18] [PMID: 30568375]
[6]
Xiao X, Wang J, Meng C, et al. Moringa oleifera Lam and its therapeutic effects in immune disorders. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11: 566783.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.566783] [PMID: 33390944]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.566783] [PMID: 33390944]
[7]
Mbikay M. Therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera leaves in chronic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia: a review. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3: 24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2012.00024] [PMID: 22403543]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2012.00024] [PMID: 22403543]
[8]
Coppin JP, Xu Y, Chen H, et al. Determination of flavonoids by LC/MS and anti-inflammatory activity in Moringa oleifera. J Funct Foods 2013; 5(4): 1892-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.09.010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.09.010]
[9]
Vongsak B, Sithisarn P, Mangmool S, Thongpraditchote S, Wongkrajang Y, Gritsanapan W. Maximizing total phenolics, total flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract by the appropriate extraction method. Ind Crops Prod 2013; 44: 566-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.09.021]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.09.021]
[10]
Wang Y, Gao Y, Ding H, et al. Subcritical ethanol extraction of flavonoids from Moringa oleifera leaf and evaluation of antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2017; 218: 152-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.058] [PMID: 27719892]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.058] [PMID: 27719892]
[11]
Rajanandh MG, Kavitha J. Quantitative estimation of β-sitosterol, total phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the leaves of Moringa oleifera. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2010; 2(2): 1409-14.
[12]
Xu YB, Chen GL, Guo MQ. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the crude extracts of Moringa oleifera from Kenya and their correlations with flavonoids. Antioxidants 2019; 8(8): 296.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080296] [PMID: 31404978]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080296] [PMID: 31404978]
[13]
Onsare JG, Arora DS. Antibiofilm potential of flavonoids extracted from Moringa oleifera seed coat against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118(2): 313-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.12701] [PMID: 25410525]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.12701] [PMID: 25410525]
[14]
Sankhalkar S, Vernekar V. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoid content in Moringa oleifera Lam and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Pharmacognosy Res 2016; 8(1): 16-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.171095] [PMID: 26941531]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.171095] [PMID: 26941531]
[15]
Makita C, Chimuka L, Steenkamp P, Cukrowska E, Madala E. Comparative analyses of flavonoid content in Moringa oleifera and Moringa ovalifolia with the aid of UHPLC-qTOF-MS fingerprinting. S Afr J Bot 2016; 105: 116-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.12.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.12.007]
[16]
Santos AFS, Argolo ACC, Paiva PMG, Coelho LCBB. Antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera tissue extracts. Phytother Res 2012; 26(9): 1366-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4591] [PMID: 22294387]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4591] [PMID: 22294387]
[17]
Lin X, Wu L, Wang X, Yao L, Wang L. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction for flavonoid compounds content and antioxidant activities of India Moringa oleifera L. leaves: Simultaneous optimization, HPLC characterization and comparison with other methods. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 2021; 20: 100284.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2020.100284]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2020.100284]
[18]
Abdulkadir AR, Zawawi DD, Jahan MS. DPPH antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content of different part of Drumstic tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.). J Chem Pharm Res 2015; 7(4): 1423-8.
[19]
Jahan MS, Zawawi DD, Abdulkadir AR. Effect of chlorophyll content and maturity on total phenolic, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaf (Miracle tree). J Chem Pharm Res 2015; 7(5): 1147-52.
[20]
Siddhuraju P, Becker K. Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agroclimatic origins of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51(8): 2144-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf020444+] [PMID: 12670148]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf020444+] [PMID: 12670148]
[21]
Tshabalala T, Ndhlala AR, Ncube B, Abdelgadir HA, Van Staden J. Potential substitution of the root with the leaf in the use of Moringa oleifera for antimicrobial, antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. S Afr J Bot 2020; 129: 106-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.01.029]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.01.029]
[22]
Bennett RN, Mellon FA, Foidl N, et al. Profiling glucosinolates and phenolics in vegetative and reproductive tissues of the multi-purpose trees Moringa oleifera L. (horseradish tree) and Moringa stenopetala L. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51(12): 3546-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0211480] [PMID: 12769522]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0211480] [PMID: 12769522]
[23]
Talreja T. Screening of crude extract of flavonoids of Moringa oleifera against bacteria and fungal pathogen. J Phytol 2010; 2(11)
[24]
Amaglo NK, Bennett RN, Lo Curto RB, et al. Profiling selected phytochemicals and nutrients in different tissues of the multipurpose tree Moringa oleifera L., grown in Ghana. Food Chem 2010; 122(4): 1047-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.073]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.073]
[25]
Arsad H, Adebayo IA, Samian M. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacities, and volatile compounds gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of Moringa oleifera ripe seed polar fractions. Pharmacogn Mag 2018; 14(54): 191-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_212_17] [PMID: 29720830]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_212_17] [PMID: 29720830]
[26]
Ogbunugafo HA, Eneh FU, Ozumba AN, et al. Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera seed oil. Pak J Nutr 2011; 10(5): 409-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2011.409.414]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2011.409.414]
[27]
Patel P, Patel N, Patel D, Desai S, Meshram D. Phytochemical analysis and antifungal activity of Moringa oleifera. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014; 6(5): 144-7.
[28]
Hamed YS, Abdin M, Akhtar HMS, et al. Extraction, purification by macrospores resin and in vitro antioxidant activity of flavonoids from Moringa oliefera leaves. S Afr J Bot 2019; 124: 270-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.05.006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.05.006]
[29]
Makita C, Madala NE, Cukrowska E, et al. Variation in pharmacologically potent rutinoside-bearing flavonoids amongst twelve Moringa oleifera Lam. cultivars. S Afr J Bot 2017; 112: 270-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.06.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.06.001]
[30]
Suphachai C. Antioxidant and anticancer activities of Moringa oleifera leaves. J Med Plants Res 2014; 8(7): 318-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2013.5353]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2013.5353]
[31]
Iqbal S, Bhanger MI. Effect of season and production location on antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaves grown in Pakistan. J Food Compos Anal 2006; 19(6-7): 544-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.05.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.05.001]
[32]
Pakade V, Cukrowska E, Chimuka L. Comparison of antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera and selected vegetables in South Africa. S Afr J Sci 2013; 109(3/4): 5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2013/1154]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2013/1154]
[33]
Alhakmani F, Kumar S, Khan SA. Estimation of total phenolic content, in-vitro antioxidant and anti–inflammatory activity of flowers of Moringa oleifera. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3(8): 623-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60126-4] [PMID: 23905019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60126-4] [PMID: 23905019]
[34]
Singh BN, Singh BR, Singh RL, et al. Oxidative DNA damage protective activity, antioxidant and anti-quorum sensing potentials of Moringa oleifera. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47(6): 1109-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.034] [PMID: 19425184]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.034] [PMID: 19425184]
[35]
Rocchetti G, Blasi F, Montesano D, et al. Impact of conventional/non-conventional extraction methods on the untargeted phenolic profile of Moringa oleifera leaves. Food Res Int 2019; 115: 319-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.11.046] [PMID: 30599948]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.11.046] [PMID: 30599948]
[36]
Paliwal R, Sharma V, Sharma S. Elucidation of free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera pods. Res J Pharm Technol 2011; 4(4): 566-71.
[37]
Saleem A, Saleem M, Akhtar MF. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic potential of Moringa oleifera Lam: An ethnomedicinal plant of Moringaceae family. S Afr J Bot 2020; 128: 246-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.11.023]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.11.023]
[38]
Shervington LA, Li BS, Shervington AA, et al. A comparative HPLC analysis of myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol flavonoids isolated from Gambian and Indian Moringa oleifera leaves. Int J Chem 2018; 10(4): 28-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v10n4p28]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v10n4p28]
[39]
Oldoni TLC, Merlin N, Karling M, et al. Bioguided extraction of phenolic compounds and UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS characterization of extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves collected in Brazil. Food Res Int 2019; 125: 108647.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108647] [PMID: 31554035]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108647] [PMID: 31554035]
[40]
Mahmud SA. Optimal extraction of flavonoids from the Moringa olifera seeds extract and study of its antioxidant activity. J Chem Pharm Res 2017; 9(4): 326-30.
[41]
Rodríguez-Pérez C, Gilbert-López B, Mendiola JA, Quirantes-Piné R, Segura-Carretero A, Ibáñez E. Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction and pressurized liquid extraction of phenolic compounds from Moringa oleifera leaves by multiresponse surface methodology. Electrophoresis 2016; 37(13): 1938-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201600071] [PMID: 27122439]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201600071] [PMID: 27122439]
[42]
Edwinanto L, Septiadi E, Nurfazriah LR, Anastasya KS, Pranata N. Phytochemical Features of Moringa oleifera Leaves as Anticancer. J Med Health 2018; 2(1)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/jmh.v2i1.745]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/jmh.v2i1.745]
[43]
Oboh G, Ademiluyi AO, Ademosun AO, et al. Phenolic extract from Moringa oleifera leaves inhibits key enzymes linked to erectile dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats’ penile tissues. Biochem Res Int 2015; 2015: 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/175950] [PMID: 26557995]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/175950] [PMID: 26557995]
[44]
El Sohaimy SA, Hamad GM, Mohamed SE, Amar MH, Al-Hindi RR. Biochemical and functional properties of Moringa oleifera leaves and their potential as a functional food. Glob Adv Res J Agric Sci 2015; 4(4): 188-99.
[45]
Rocchetti G, Pagnossa JP, Blasi F, et al. Phenolic profiling and in vitro bioactivity of Moringa oleifera leaves as affected by different extraction solvents. Food Res Int 2020; 127: 108712.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108712] [PMID: 31882101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108712] [PMID: 31882101]
[46]
Tang Y, Choi EJ, Han WC, et al. Moringa oleifera from Cambodia ameliorates oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and kidney dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice. J Med Food 2017; 20(5): 502-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2016.3792] [PMID: 28467233]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2016.3792] [PMID: 28467233]
[47]
Nwidu LL, Elmorsy E, Aprioku JS, Siminialayi I, Carter WG. In vitro anti-cholinesterase and antioxidant activity of extracts of Moringa oleifera plants from Rivers State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Medicines 2018; 5(3): 71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines5030071] [PMID: 29976887]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines5030071] [PMID: 29976887]
[48]
Mwamatope B, Tembo D, Chikowe I, Kampira E, Nyirenda C. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of Senna singueana, Melia azedarach, Moringa oleifera and Lannea discolor herbal plants. Sci Am 2020; 9: e00481.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00481]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00481]
[49]
Rodríguez-Pérez C, Mendiola JA, Quirantes-Piné R, Ibáñez E, Segura-Carretero A. Green downstream processing using supercritical carbon dioxide, CO2-expanded ethanol and pressurized hot water extractions for recovering bioactive compounds from Moringa oleifera leaves. J Supercrit Fluids 2016; 116: 90-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2016.05.009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2016.05.009]
[50]
Leone A, Fiorillo G, Criscuoli F, et al. Nutritional characterization and phenolic profiling of Moringa oleifera leaves grown in Chad, Sahrawi Refugee Camps, and Haiti. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16(8): 18923-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms160818923] [PMID: 26274956]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms160818923] [PMID: 26274956]
[51]
Suresh S, Chhipa AS, Gupta M, et al. Phytochemical analysis and pharmacological evaluation of methanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. in ovalbumin induced allergic asthma. S Afr J Bot 2020; 130: 484-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.01.046]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.01.046]
[52]
Mabrouki L, Rjeibi I, Taleb J, Zourgui L. Cardiac ameliorative effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in high-fat diet-induced obesity in rat model. BioMed Res Int 2020; 2020: 6583603.
[53]
El-Hadary AE, Ramadan MF. Antioxidant traits and protective impact of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against diclofenac sodium-induced liver toxicity in rats. J Food Biochem 2019; 43(2): e12704.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12704] [PMID: 31353658]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12704] [PMID: 31353658]
[54]
Kumbhare MR, Guleha V, Sivakumar T. Estimation of total phenolic content, cytotoxicity and in-vitro antioxidant activity of stem bark of Moringa oleifera. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2012; 2(2): 144-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(12)60033-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(12)60033-4]
[55]
Prabakaran M, Kim SH, Sasireka A, Chandrasekaran M, Chung IM. Polyphenol composition and antimicrobial activity of various solvent extracts from different plant parts of Moringa oleifera. Food Biosci 2018; 26: 23-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2018.09.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2018.09.003]
[56]
Omodanisi E, Aboua Y, Oguntibeju O. Assessment of the anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the methanol extract of Moringa oleifera in diabetes-induced nephrotoxic male wistar rats. Molecules 2017; 22(4): 439.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22040439] [PMID: 28333074]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22040439] [PMID: 28333074]
[57]
Wang Y, Zheng W, Cai J, Yuan T, Gong X. Structural analysis and anti-pancreatic lipase activity of flavonoids from Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves. Sh Kexue Shipin Kexue 2018; 39(2): 31-7.
[58]
Atawodi SE, Atawodi JC, Idakwo GA, et al. Evaluation of the polyphenol content and antioxidant properties of methanol extracts of the leaves, stem, and root barks of Moringa oleifera Lam. J Med Food 2010; 13(3): 710-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2009.0057] [PMID: 20521992]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2009.0057] [PMID: 20521992]
[59]
Chen GL, Xu YB, Wu JL, Li N, Guo MQ. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Moringa oleifera leaves and their functional chemical constituents. Food Chem 2020; 333: 127478.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127478] [PMID: 32663752]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127478] [PMID: 32663752]
[60]
Arora DS, Onsare JG. In vitro antimicrobial evaluation and phytoconstituents of Moringa oleifera pod husks. Ind Crops Prod 2014; 52: 125-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.09.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.09.016]
[61]
Pollini L, Tringaniello C, Ianni F, Blasi F, Manes J, Cossignani L. Impact of ultrasound extraction parameters on the antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera leaves. Antioxidants 2020; 9(4): 277.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040277] [PMID: 32224892]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040277] [PMID: 32224892]
[62]
Ekaluo UB, Ikpeme EV, Udensi OU, Ekerette EE, Usen SO, Usoroh SF. Comparative in vitro assessment of drumstick (Moringa oleifera) and neem (Azadiracta indica) leaf extracts for antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. Res J Med Plant 2015; 9(1): 24-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjmp.2015.24.33]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjmp.2015.24.33]
[63]
Jiang MY, Lu H, Pu XY, et al. Laxative metabolites from the leaves of Moringa oleifera. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68(30): 7850-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01564] [PMID: 32631058]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01564] [PMID: 32631058]
[64]
Vongsak B, Sithisarn P, Gritsanapan W. Bioactive contents and free radical scavenging activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract under different storage conditions. Ind Crops Prod 2013; 49: 419-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.05.018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.05.018]
[65]
Talreja TA, Yadav LA, Sharma KA, Goswami AS. Flavonoids from some medicinal plants in vivo and in vitro. Bioscan 2012; 7(1): 157-9.
[66]
Sasikala V, Rooban BN, Priya SGS, Sahasranamam V, Abraham A. Moringa oleifera prevents selenite-induced cataractogenesis in rat pups. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2010; 26(5): 441-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jop.2010.0049] [PMID: 20879807]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jop.2010.0049] [PMID: 20879807]
[67]
Amabye TG, Tadesse FM. Phytochemical and antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera available in the market of Mekelle. J Anal Pharm Res 2016; 2(1): 1-4.
[68]
Verma AR, Vijayakumar M, Mathela CS, Rao CV. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of different fractions of Moringa oleifera leaves. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47(9): 2196-201.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.06.005] [PMID: 19520138]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.06.005] [PMID: 19520138]
[69]
Coppin J. A study of the nutritional and medicinal values of Moringa oleifera leaves from sub-Saharan Africa: Ghana, Rwanda, Senegal and Zambia PhD dissertation Rutgers University-Graduate School-New Brunswick 2008.
[70]
Guon TE, Chung HS. Induction of apoptosis with Moringa oleifera fruits in HCT116 human colon cancer cells via intrinsic pathway. Nat Prod Sci 2017; 23(4): 227-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20307/nps.2017.23.4.227]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20307/nps.2017.23.4.227]
[71]
Dahiru D, Onubiyi JA, Umaru HA. Phytochemical screening and antiulcerogenic effect of Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extract. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2006; 3(3): 70-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v3i3.31167]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v3i3.31167]
[72]
Gaafar AA, Ibrahim EA, Asker MS, Moustafa AF, Salama ZA. Characterization of polyphenols, polysaccharides by HPLC and their antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activities of defatted Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) meal extract. Int J Pharm Clin Res 2016; 8(6): 565-73.
[73]
Petchang R. Effect of UV-C irradiation on antioxidant activities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and quantitative determination of bioactive components of Moringa oleifera Lam. shoot culture. Afr J Biotechnol 2014; 13(41)
[74]
Akinyeye AJ, Solanke EO, Adebiyi IO. Phytochemical and antimicrobial evaluation of leaf and seed of Moringa oleifera extracts. Int J Res In Med Health Sci 2014; 4(6): 2307-083.
[75]
Ndong M, Uehara M, Katsumata S, Sato S, Suzuki K. Preventive effects of Moringa oleifera (Lam) on hyperlipidemia and hepatocyte ultrastructural changes in iron deficient rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71(8): 1826-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.60644] [PMID: 17690476]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.60644] [PMID: 17690476]
[76]
Auwal MS, Tijjani AN, Sadiq MA, et al. Antibacterial and haematological activity of <i>Moringa oleifera</i> aqueous seed extract in Wistar albino rats. Sokoto J Vet Sci 2013; 11(1): 28-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v11i1.5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v11i1.5]
[77]
Rastogi T, Bhutda V, Moon K, Aswar PB, Khadabadi SS. Comparative studies on anthelmintic activity of Moringa oleifera and Vitex negundo. Asian J Res Chem 2009; 2(2): 181-2.
[78]
Nouman W, Anwar F, Gull T, Newton A, Rosa E, Domínguez-Perles R. Profiling of polyphenolics, nutrients and antioxidant potential of germplasm’s leaves from seven cultivars of Moringa oleifera Lam. Ind Crops Prod 2016; 83: 166-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.032]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.032]
[79]
Vongsak B, Sithisarn P, Gritsanapan W. Simultaneous HPLC quantitative analysis of active compounds in leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 52(7): 641-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmt093] [PMID: 23828911]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmt093] [PMID: 23828911]
[80]
Mustafa R, El-Naggar EMB, Svajdlenka E, Omran G. ELFiky F, El-Hawiet A. Enhancement of phenolic content, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Moringa oleifera leaf and seed by suspension culture. Nat Prod Res 2021; 35(23): 5233-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1744137] [PMID: 32212860]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1744137] [PMID: 32212860]
[81]
Khalafalla MM, Abdellatef E, Dafalla HM, et al. Active principle from Moringa oleifera Lam leaves effective against two leukemias and a hepatocarcinoma. Afr J Biotechnol 2010; 9(49): 8467-71.
[82]
Raj AJ, Gopalakrishnan VK, Yadav SA, Dorairaj S. Antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) root extract. J Pharm Res 2011; 4(5): 1426-7.
[83]
Zhou Y, Yang W, Li Z, et al. Moringa oleifera stem extract protect skin keratinocytes against oxidative stress injury by enhancement of antioxidant defense systems and activation of PPARα. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107: 44-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.152] [PMID: 30077837]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.152] [PMID: 30077837]
[84]
Sreelatha S, Jeyachitra A, Padma PR. Antiproliferation and induction of apoptosis by Moringa oleifera leaf extract on human cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49(6): 1270-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.006] [PMID: 21385597]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.006] [PMID: 21385597]
[85]
Oladeji OS, Odelade KA, Oloke JK. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial investigation of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts. Afr J Sci Technol Innov Dev 2020; 12(1): 79-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2019.1589082]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2019.1589082]
[86]
Zhao B, Deng J, Li H, et al. Optimization of phenolic compound extraction from Chinese Moringa oleifera leaves and antioxidant activities. J Food Qual 2019; 2019: 1-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5346279]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5346279]
[87]
Djemoui D, Saidi M, Rahmani Z, Djemoui A. Influence of phenolic compounds on antioxidant capacity of leaves extracts of Moringa oleifera from Tamanrasset region. J Fundam Appl Sci 2019; 11(1): 280-93.
[88]
Fathy SM, Mahmoud MS. Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract mitigates carbon tetrachloride-mediated hepatic inflammation and apoptosis via targeting oxidative stress and toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B pathway in mice. Food Sci Hum Wellness 2021; 10(3): 383-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2021.02.030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2021.02.030]
[89]
Khan W, Parveen R, Chester K, Parveen S, Ahmad S. Hypoglycemic potential of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaf and in vivo GC-MS metabolomics. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8: 577.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00577] [PMID: 28955221]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00577] [PMID: 28955221]
[90]
Coz-Bolaños X, Campos-Vega R, Reynoso-Camacho R, Ramos-Gómez M, Loarca-Piña GF, Guzmán-Maldonado SH. Moringa infusion (Moringa oleifera) rich in phenolic compounds and high antioxidant capacity attenuate nitric oxide pro-inflammatory mediator in vitro. Ind Crops Prod 2018; 118: 95-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.028]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.028]
[91]
Maqsood M, Qureshi R, Arshad M, Ahmed MS, Ikram M. Preliminary phytochemical screening, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of leaves extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. from Salt range, Pakistan. Pak J Bot 2017; 49(1): 353-9.
[92]
Braham F, Carvalho DO, Almeida CMR, et al. Online HPLC-DPPH screening method for evaluation of radical scavenging phenols extracted from Moringa oleifera leaves. S Afr J Bot 2020; 129: 146-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.04.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.04.001]
[93]
Misra A, Srivastava S, Srivastava M. Evaluation of anti diarrheal potential of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) leaves. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2014; 2(5)
[94]
Tragulpakseerojn J, Yamaguchi N, Pamonsinlapatham P, et al. Anti-proliferative effect of Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) leaf extract on human colon cancer HCT116 cell line. Trop J Pharm Res 2017; 16(2): 371-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v16i2.16]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v16i2.16]
[95]
Karthivashan G, Tangestani Fard M, Arulselvan P, Abas F, Fakurazi S. Identification of bioactive candidate compounds responsible for oxidative challenge from hydro-ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves. J Food Sci 2013; 78(9): C1368-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12233] [PMID: 24024688]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12233] [PMID: 24024688]
[96]
Minaiyan M, Asghari G, Taheri D, Saeidi M, Nasr-Esfahani S. Anti-inflammatory effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds on acetic acid-induced acute colitis in rats. Avicenna J Phytomed 2014; 4(2): 127-36.
[PMID: 25050310]
[PMID: 25050310]
[97]
Zullaikah S, Naulina RY, Meinawati P. Enhanced extraction of phenolic compounds from Moringa oleifera leaves using subcritical water ethanol mixture. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering 2019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/543/1/012021]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/543/1/012021]
[98]
Sutar N, Bonde CG, Patil VV, Narkhede SB, Patil AP, Kakade RT. Analgesic activity of seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. Int J Green Pharm 2008; 2(2): 108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-8258.41182]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-8258.41182]
[99]
Karagiorgou I, Grigorakis S, Lalas S, Makris DP. Polyphenolic burden and in vitro antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera root extracts. J HerbMed Pharmacol 2016; p. 5.
[100]
Fitri A, Toharmat T, Astuti DA, Tamura H. The potential use of secondary metabolites in Moringa oleifera as an antioxidant source. Media Peternakan 2015; 38(3): 169-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2015.38.3.169]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2015.38.3.169]
[101]
Une HD, Shingane P, Patave TR. A study on the effects of Moringa oleifera lam. pod extract on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Asian J Plant Sci 2014; 4(1): 36-41.
[102]
Falowo AB, Muchenje V, Hugo CJ, Charimba G. In vitro antimicrobial activities of Bidens pilosa and Moringa oleifera leaf extracts and their effects on ground beef quality during cold storage. CYTA J Food 2016; 14(4): 541-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2016.1162847]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2016.1162847]
[103]
Abdulkadir IS, Abayomi Sofowora IAN, Auwal Alkasim Ahmad FY, Yahaya F, Ahmad AA, Hassan IA. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam on isolates of some pathogens. J Appl Pharm 2015; 7(4): 2-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/1920-4159.1000203]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/1920-4159.1000203]
[104]
Tian Y, Lin L, Zhao M, Peng A, Zhao K. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and antihyperuricemic effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf hydrolysate rich in phenolics and peptides. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 270: 113808.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113808] [PMID: 33450289]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113808] [PMID: 33450289]
[105]
Atta A, Mouneir S, Nasr S, et al. Phytochemical studies and anti-ulcerative colitis effect of Moringa oleifera seeds and Egyptian propolis methanol extracts in a rat model. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2019; 9(3): 98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2221-1691.254603]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2221-1691.254603]
[106]
Maldini M, Maksoud SA, Natella F, et al. Moringa oleifera: Study of phenolics and glucosinolates by mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2014; 49(9): 900-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jms.3437] [PMID: 25230187]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jms.3437] [PMID: 25230187]
[107]
Nejad AE, Fazilati M, Daneshmand F, Habibollahi S. Cytotoxic effects of moringa oleifera leaf extract on human hepatoma cell line HepG-2. J Cell Mol Biol 2020.
[108]
Oguntibeju OO, Aboua GY, Omodanisi EI. Effects of Moringa oleifera on oxidative stress, apoptotic and inflammatory biomarkers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal model. S Afr J Bot 2020; 129: 354-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.039]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.039]
[109]
Ali FT, Hassan NS, Abdrabou RR. Potential activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract and some active ingredients against diabetes in rats. Int J Sci Eng Res 2015; 6(5): 1490.
[110]
García-Beltrán JM, Mansour AT, Alsaqufi AS, Ali HM, Esteban MÁ. Effects of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts from drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera) on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) leucocytes, and their cytotoxic, antitumor, bactericidal and antioxidant activities. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 106: 44-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.054] [PMID: 32739532]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.054] [PMID: 32739532]
[111]
Matshediso PG, Cukrowska E, Chimuka L. Development of pressurised hot water extraction (PHWE) for essential compounds from Moringa oleifera leaf extracts. Food Chem 2015; 172: 423-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.047] [PMID: 25442573]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.047] [PMID: 25442573]
[112]
Singh D, Arya P, Aggarwal V, Gupta R. Evaluation of antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves in carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rats. Antioxidants 2014; 3(3): 569-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox3030569] [PMID: 26785072]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox3030569] [PMID: 26785072]
[113]
Hammi KM, Essid R, Tabbene O, Elkahoui S, Majdoub H, Ksouri R. Antileishmanial activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts and potential synergy with amphotericin B. S Afr J Bot 2020; 129: 67-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.01.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.01.008]
[114]
Chumark P, Khunawat P, Sanvarinda Y, et al. The in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant properties, hypolipidaemic and antiatherosclerotic activities of water extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 116(3): 439-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.010] [PMID: 18249514]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.010] [PMID: 18249514]
[115]
Eilert U, Wolters B, Nahrstedt A. The antibiotic principle of seeds of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Planta Med 1981; 42(5): 55-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971546] [PMID: 7255568]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971546] [PMID: 7255568]
[116]
Gilani AH, Aftab K, Suria A, et al. Pharmacological studies on hypotensive and spasmolytic activities of pure compounds from Moringa oleifera. Phytother Res 1994; 8(2): 87-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650080207]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650080207]
[117]
Ghasi S, Nwobodo E, Ofili JO. Hypocholesterolemic effects of crude extract of leaf of Moringa oleifera Lam in high-fat diet fed wistar rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 69(1): 21-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00106-3] [PMID: 10661880]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00106-3] [PMID: 10661880]
[118]
Lin M, Zhang J, Chen X. Bioactive flavonoids in Moringa oleifera and their health-promoting properties. J Funct Foods 2018; 47: 469-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.06.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.06.011]
[119]
Nikkon F. In vitro antimicrobial activity of the compound isolated from chloroform extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. Pak J Biol Sci 2003; 6(22): 1888-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2003.1888.1890]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2003.1888.1890]
[120]
Giacoppo S, Rajan TS, De Nicola GR, et al. The Isothiocyanate isolated from Moringa oleifera shows potent anti-inflammatory activity in the treatment of murine subacute Parkinson’s disease. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 20(1): 50-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/rej.2016.1828] [PMID: 27245199]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/rej.2016.1828] [PMID: 27245199]
[121]
Cáceres A, Cabrera O, Morales O, Mollinedo P, Mendia P. Pharmacological properties of Moringa oleifera. 1: Preliminary screening for antimicrobial activity. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 33(3): 213-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(91)90078-R] [PMID: 1921416]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(91)90078-R] [PMID: 1921416]
[122]
Anwar F, Ashraf M, Bhanger MI. Interprovenance variation in the composition of Moringa oleifera oilseeds from Pakistan. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2005; 82(1): 45-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-005-1041-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-005-1041-1]
[123]
Jaiswal D, Kumar Rai P, Kumar A, Mehta S, Watal G. Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves aqueous extract therapy on hyperglycemic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 123(3): 392-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.036] [PMID: 19501271]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.036] [PMID: 19501271]
[124]
Kar A, Choudhary BK, Bandyopadhyay NG. Comparative evaluation of hypoglycaemic activity of some Indian medicinal plants in alloxan diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 84(1): 105-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00144-7] [PMID: 12499084]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00144-7] [PMID: 12499084]
[125]
Sengupta ME, Keraita B, Olsen A, et al. Use of Moringa oleifera seed extracts to reduce helminth egg numbers and turbidity in irrigation water. Water Res 2012; 46(11): 3646-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.011] [PMID: 22546609]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.011] [PMID: 22546609]
[126]
Murti Y, Semwal BC, Goyal A, Mishra P. Naringenin scaffold as a template for drug designing. Curr Tradit Med 2021; 7(1): 28-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2215083805666190617144652]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2215083805666190617144652]
[127]
Singh S, Kumar A, Semwal BC. PRISMA based systematic review: Pharmacognostic study of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21(14): 1965-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557521999201230200503] [PMID: 33390134]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557521999201230200503] [PMID: 33390134]
[128]
Verma T, Sinha M, Bansal N, Yadav SR, Shah K, Chauhan NS. Plants used as antihypertensive. Nat Prod Bioprospect 2021; 11(2): 155-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13659-020-00281-x] [PMID: 33174095]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13659-020-00281-x] [PMID: 33174095]
[129]
Garabadu D, Srivastava N, Murti Y. Calotropis procera attenuates chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression in experimental animals. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34(6): 1635-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-019-00471-8] [PMID: 31346860]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-019-00471-8] [PMID: 31346860]
[130]
Murti Y, Mishra P. Synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of novel naringenin derivatives as anticancer agents. Curr Bioact Compd 2020; 16(4): 442-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573407215666181214114927]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573407215666181214114927]
