Abstract
Background: The whole plant of Boerhaavia diffusa L. (BD) has wide ethnomedicinal and ethnopharmacological applications. It is a versatile medicinal herb with tremendous antioxidant potential, used commonly in Asian and African countries for a variety of Ayurvedic formulations as a “Rasayan” or Rejuvenator.
Objective: This paper is aimed at providing an extensive study of the phytochemistry and pharmacology of BD to support its ethnopharmacological uses and the effectiveness of different active constituents present in BD. We believe that this paper will provide an insight into various trends and advances for future studies on BD.
Methods: All relevant information was collected from worldwide accepted search engines and databases, i.e., Google, Pub Med, Elsevier, Science Direct and Web of Science, etc.
Results: Based on the study conducted for this paper, it was found that BD is a rich source of several phytochemicals that are extracted from its roots and aerial parts. Among them, secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, rotenoids, glycosides, steroids, and lignans are the most important ones. The crude extract and the isolated phytochemicals are reported to have impressive bioactivities such as immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, renoprotective, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antifertility, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties.
Conclusion: The immense therapeutic potential of BD has been explored in many experiments, which validates its traditional uses. However, reports from clinical trials and the specific interaction of isolated phytoconstituents with microbial toxins or molecular markers of pathogenesis are meager. Therefore, further studies can be undertaken to elucidate the molecular cross-talk between the major therapeutic components with pathological biomolecules.
Keywords: Antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, Boerhaavia diffusa, flavonoids, immunomodulatory, phenolic compounds, punarnavine.
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Chopra GL. Angiosperms Systematics and Life Cycle. Jalandhar, Punjab, India: S. Nagin & Co 1969; pp. 361-5.
[2]
Wahi AK, Agrawal VK, Gupta RC. Phytochemicals and pharmacological studies on Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (Punarnava) alkaloids. Natl Acad Sci Lett 1997; 20: 9-10.
[4]
Cadet JL. Free radical mechanisms in the central nervous system: An overview. Int J Neurosci 1988; 40(1-2): 13-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207458808985722] [PMID: 2840405]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207458808985722] [PMID: 2840405]
[5]
Demopoulos HB, Flamm ES, Pietronigro DD, Seligman ML. The free radical pathology and the microcirculation in the major central nervous system disorders. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1980; 492: 91-119.
[PMID: 6939309]
[PMID: 6939309]
[6]
Borrelli F, Ascione V, Capasso R, Izzo AA, Fattorusso E, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Spasmolytic effects of nonprenylated rotenoid constituents of Boerhaavia diffusa roots. J Nat Prod 2006; 69(6): 903-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np060073h] [PMID: 16792408]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np060073h] [PMID: 16792408]
[8]
Thakur RS, Puri HS, Husain A. Major medicinal plants of india central institute of medicinal and aromatic plants. Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India: CIMAP 1989; p. 116.
[9]
Miralles J, Noba K, Ba AT, Gaydou EM, Kornprobst JM. Chemotaxonomy in Nyctaginaceae family: Sterols and fatty acids from the leaves of three Boerhaavia species. Biochem Syst Ecol 1988; 16(5): 475-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(88)90047-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(88)90047-6]
[10]
Ujowundu CO, Igwe CU, Enemor VHA, Nwaogu LA, Okafor OE. Nutritive and anti-nutritive properties of Boerhavia diffusa and Commelina nudiflora leaves. Pak J Nutr 2008; 7(1): 90-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2008.90.92]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2008.90.92]
[11]
Agarwal RR, Dutt SS. Chemical examination of punarnava or Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. isolation of an alkaloid punarnavine. Chem Abstr 1936; 30(2): 3585.
[12]
Surange SR, Pendse GS. Pharmacognostic study of roots of Boerhaavia diffusa. (Punarnava). J Res Indian Med 1972; 7: 1.
[13]
Ahmad K, Hossain A. Isolation, synthesis and biological action of hypoxanthine-9- Larabinofuranoside. J Agric Biol Sci 1968; 11: 41.
[14]
Mishra AN, Tiwari HP. Constituents of the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa. Phytochemistry 1971; 10: 3318.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97415-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97415-6]
[15]
Aftab K, Usmani SB, Ahmad SI, Usmanghani K. Naturally occurring calcium channel blockers-II. Hamdard Med 1996; 39: 44-54.
[16]
Verma HN, Awasthi LP, Saxena KC. Isolation of virus inhibitor from the root extract of Boerhaavia diffusa inducing systemic resistance in plants. Can J Bot 1979; 57: 1214-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b79-146]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b79-146]
[17]
Aslam M. Asian Medicine and its practice in Britain. In: Evans
WC, Ed. Pharmacognosy. London: Saunders Company Ltd 1996;
pp. 499-500.
[18]
Liogier HA. Medicinal Plants of Puerto Rico and the Carribean. London: Iberoamericana de Ediciones Inc. Ltd 1990.
[19]
Jain GK, Khanna NM. Punarnavoside A new antifibrinolytic agent from Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Indian J Chem 1989; 28: 163-6.
[20]
Seth RK, Khanna M, Chaudhary M, Singh S, Sarin JPS. Estimation of punarnavosides, a new antifibrinolytic compound from Boerhaavia diffusa. Indian Drugs 1986; 23: 583-4.
[21]
Bairwa K, Srivastava A, Jachak SM. Quantitative analysis of boeravinones in the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa by UPLC/PDA. Phytochem Anal 2014; 25(5): 415-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.2509] [PMID: 24677242]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.2509] [PMID: 24677242]
[22]
Sharma K, Sahai M. Chemical constituents of Boerhavia diffusa leaves. J Med Plants Studies 2017; 5(4): 166-9.
[23]
Kanagavalli U, Sadiq AM. Isolation and characterization of bioactive compound anthraquinone from methanolic extract of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. J Drug Deliv Ther 2018; 8(5-s): 232-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5-s.1987]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5-s.1987]
[24]
Tacchini M, Spagnoletti A, Marieschi M, et al. Phytochemical profile and bioactivity of traditional ayurvedic decoctions and hydro-alcoholic macerations of Boerhaavia diffusa L. and Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Nat Prod Res 2015; 29(22): 2071-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.1003299] [PMID: 25612143]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.1003299] [PMID: 25612143]
[25]
Patil KS, Bhalsing SR. Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of the genus Boerhavia. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 182: 200-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.042] [PMID: 26844923]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.042] [PMID: 26844923]
[26]
Beegum GRJ, Beevy SS, Sugunan VS. Nutritive and anti-nutritive
properties of Boerhavia diffusa L. J Pharma Phytochem 2014; 2
(6): 147-51.
[27]
Manu KA, Kuttan G. Immunomodulatory activities of Punarnavine, an alkaloid from Boerhaavia diffusa. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2009; 31(3): 377-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08923970802702036] [PMID: 19555203]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08923970802702036] [PMID: 19555203]
[28]
Mahesh AR, Ranganath MK, Harish Kumar DR. Enrichment of flavonoids from the methanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa roots by partitioning technique. Res J Chem Sci 2011; 3(1): 43-7.
[29]
Pereira DM, Faria J, Gaspar L, Valentão P, de Pinho PG, Andrade PB. Boerhaavia diffusa: Metabolite profiling of a medicinal plant from Nyctaginaceae. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47(8): 2142-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.05.033] [PMID: 19500634]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.05.033] [PMID: 19500634]
[30]
Ojewole JAO, Adesina SK. Isolation, identification and some cardiovascular actions of a purine nucleoside from the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa. Fitoterapia 1985; 56(1): 31-6.
[31]
Kaur M, Goel RK. Anti-Convulsant activity of Boerhaavia diffusa plausible role of Calcium channel antagonism. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011; 2011: 310420.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep192] [PMID: 19948752]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep192] [PMID: 19948752]
[32]
Gupta J, Ali M. Chemical constituents of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. roots. Indian J Chem 1998; 37(9): 912-7.
[33]
Hilou A, Millogo-Rasolodimby J, Nacoulma OG. Betacyanins are the most relevant antioxidant molecules of Amaranthus spinosus and Boerhavia erecta. J Med Plants Res 2013; 7(11): 645-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/JMPR12.574]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/JMPR12.574]
[34]
Juneja K, Mishra R, Chauhan S, Gupta S, Roy P, Sircar D. Metabolite profiling and wound-healing activity of Boerhavia diffusa leaf extracts using in vitro and in vivo models. J Tradit Complement Med 2019; 10(1): 52-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.02.002] [PMID: 31956558]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.02.002] [PMID: 31956558]
[35]
Maurya R, Sathiamoorthy B, Deepak M. Flavonoids and phenol glycosides from Boerhavia diffusa. Nat Prod Res 2007; 21(2): 126-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786410600906194] [PMID: 17365699]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786410600906194] [PMID: 17365699]
[36]
Bep OB. Medicinal plants in tropical West Africa. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press 1986; p. 196.
[37]
Lami N, Kadota S, Kikuchi T, Momose Y. Constituents of the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa L. III. Identification of Ca2+ channel antagonistic compound from the methanol extract. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1991; 39(6): 1551-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.39.1551] [PMID: 1934177]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.39.1551] [PMID: 1934177]
[38]
Suri OP, Kant R, Jamwal RS, Suri KA, Atal CK. Boerhaavia diffusa, a new source of phytoecdysones. Planta Med 1982; 44(3): 180-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971436] [PMID: 17402108]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971436] [PMID: 17402108]
[39]
Ahmed B, Yu CP. Borhavine-A dihydroisofuranoxanthone from Boerhaavia diffusa. Phytochemistry 1992; 31: 4382-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80487-Y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80487-Y]
[40]
Ahmed-Belkacem A, Macalou S, Borrelli F, et al. Nonprenylated rotenoids, a new class of potent breast cancer resistance protein inhibitors. J Med Chem 2007; 50(8): 1933-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm061450q] [PMID: 17341062]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm061450q] [PMID: 17341062]
[41]
Ferreres F, Sousa C, Justin M, et al. Characterisation of the phenolic profile of Boerhaavia diffusa L. by HPLC-PAD-MS/MS as a tool for quality control. Phytochem Anal 2005; 16(6): 451-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.869] [PMID: 16315490]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.869] [PMID: 16315490]
[42]
Gupta DR, Ahmed B. A new C-methyl flavone from Boerhaavia
diffusa Linn. roots. Indian J Chem 1984; 23(B): 682-4.
[43]
Rao PP. Ophthalmic uses of Boerhaavia diffusa L. (Punarnava)-
Review. Int J Herbal Medicine 2016; 4(2): 05-9.
[44]
Apu AS, Liza MS, Jamaluddin ATM, et al. Phytochemical screening and in vitro bioactivities of the extracts of aerial part of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2(9): 673-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60208-1] [PMID: 23569993]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60208-1] [PMID: 23569993]
[45]
Beegum GJ, Beevy SS, Sugunan VS. Natural antioxidant activity of Boerhavia diffusa L. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 2016; 8(1): 8-13.
[46]
Premkumar P, Priya J, Suriyavathana M. Evaluation of antioxidant potential of Andrographis echioides and Boerhavia diffusa. Int J Curr Res 2010; 3: 59-62.
[47]
Sharma P, Bhardwaj R, Yadav A, Sharma RA. Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa. Res J Phytochem 2014; 8(3): 119-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjphyto.2014.119.126]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjphyto.2014.119.126]
[48]
Bhardwaj R, Yadav A, Sharma RA. Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity in Boerhavia diffusa. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014; 6(1): 344-8.
[49]
Mama SA, Attakpa SE, Behanzin GJ, et al. antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of various extracts of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. Pharm Chem J 2018; 5(2): 62-71.
[50]
Oyebode OA, Erukainure OL, Chukwuma CI, Ibeji CU, Koorbanally NA, Islam S. Boerhaavia diffusa inhibits key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes in vitro and in silico; and modulates abdominal glucose absorption and muscle glucose uptake ex vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106: 1116-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.053] [PMID: 30119178]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.053] [PMID: 30119178]
[51]
Manu KA, Leyon PV, Kuttan G. Studies on the protective effects of Boerhaavia diffusa L. against gamma radiation induced damage in mice. Integr Cancer Ther 2007; 6(4): 381-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534735407309743] [PMID: 18048886]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534735407309743] [PMID: 18048886]
[52]
Desai SK, Desai SM, Navdeep S, Arya P, Pooja T. Antistress activity of Boerhaavia diffusa root extract and a polyherbal formulation containing Boerhaavia diffusa using cold restraint stress model. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2011; 3(1): 130-2.
[53]
Pareta SK, Patra KC, Mazumder PM, Sasmal D. Aqueous extract of Boerhaavia diffusa root ameliorates ethylene glycol-induced hyperoxaluric oxidative stress and renal injury in rat kidney. Pharm Biol 2011; 49(12): 1224-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2011.581671] [PMID: 21846174]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2011.581671] [PMID: 21846174]
[54]
Alam P, Shahzad N, Gupta AK, et al. Anti-diabetic effect of Boerhavia diffusa L. root extract via free radical scavenging and antioxidant mechanism. Toxicol Environ Health Sci 2018; 10(3): 220-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13530-018-0367-z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13530-018-0367-z]
[55]
Nalamolu RK, Boini KM, Nammi S. Effect of chronic administration of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. leaf extract on experimental diabetes in rats. Trop J Pharm Res 2004; 3(1): 305-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v3i1.14614]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v3i1.14614]
[56]
Vasundhara CCS, Devi SG. Effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Boerhavia diffusa on carbohydrate metabolising enzymes, renal and hepatic markers in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Int J Pharmaceut Clin Res 2018; 10(2): 43-7.
[57]
Montefusco-Pereira CV, de Carvalho MJ, de Araújo Boleti AP, Teixeira LS, Matos HR, Lima ES. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic effects of the leaf extract from Passiflora nitida Kunth. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170(6): 1367-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0271-6] [PMID: 23666642]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0271-6] [PMID: 23666642]
[58]
Kakkar R, Kalra J, Mantha SV, Prasad K. Lipid peroxidation and activity of antioxidant enzymes in diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 1995; 151(2): 113-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01322333] [PMID: 8569756]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01322333] [PMID: 8569756]
[59]
Satheesh MA, Pari L. Antioxidant effect of Boerhavia diffusa L. in tissues of alloxan induced diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2004; 42(10): 989-92.
[PMID: 15511002]
[PMID: 15511002]
[60]
Ibrahima MS, Eugène AS, Justin BG, et al. The effect of methanolic leaf extract of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. (Nictaginaceae) on the activities of antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant enzymes in experimental diabetes. J Pharm Res Int 2018; 8: 1-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/JPRI/2018/45640]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/JPRI/2018/45640]
[61]
Prathapan A, Vineetha VP, Abhilash PA, Raghu KG. Boerhaavia diffusa L. attenuates angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiac myoblast cells via modulating oxidative stress and down-regulating NF-κβ and transforming growth factor β1. Br J Nutr 2013; 110(7): 1201-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513000561] [PMID: 23591029]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513000561] [PMID: 23591029]
[62]
Prathapan A, Vineetha VP, Raghu KG. Protective effect of Boerhaavia diffusa L. against mitochondrial dysfunction in angiotensin II induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. PLoS One 2014; 9(4): e96220.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096220] [PMID: 24788441]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096220] [PMID: 24788441]
[63]
A P, P SR, M PR, K G R. Apoptosis in angiotensin II-stimulated hypertrophic cardiac cells -modulation by phenolics rich extract of Boerhavia diffusa L. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108: 1097-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.114] [PMID: 30372810]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.114] [PMID: 30372810]
[64]
A P, Varghese MV, S A, et al. Polyphenol rich ethanolic extract
from Boerhavia diffusa L. mitigates angiotensin II induced cardiac
hypertrophy and fibrosis in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 87:
427-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.114] [PMID: 28068633]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.114] [PMID: 28068633]
[65]
Olaleye MT, Akinmoladun AC, Ogunboye AA, Akindahunsi AA. Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective property of leaf extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn against acetaminophen-induced liver damage in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48(8-9): 2200-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.047] [PMID: 20553784]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.047] [PMID: 20553784]
[66]
Kaushik A, Husain A, Awasthi H, Singh DP, Khan R, Mani D. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of Swaras and Hima extracts of Tinospora cordifolia and Boerhavia diffusa in Swiss albino mice. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13(Suppl. 3): S658-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_448_16] [PMID: 29142429]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_448_16] [PMID: 29142429]
[67]
Ain NU, Bano N, Beg AE, Hameed K, Fayyaz TB, Sadaf R. Hepatoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa against oxaliplatin induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Pak J Pharm Sci 2019; 32(5): 1927-32.
[PMID: 31813854]
[PMID: 31813854]
[68]
Karwasra R, Kalra P, Nag TC, Gupta YK, Singh S, Panwar A. Safety assessment and attenuation of cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity by tuberous roots of Boerhaavia diffusa. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81: 341-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.09.020] [PMID: 27667768]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.09.020] [PMID: 27667768]
[69]
Adesina SK. Anticonvulsant properties of the roots of Boerhaavia diffusa Linnaeus. Q J Crude Drug Res 1979; 17: 84-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880207909067455]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880207909067455]
[70]
Dhingra D, Valecha R. Evidence for involvement of the monoaminergic system in antidepressant-like activity of an ethanol extract of Boerhaavia diffusa and its isolated constituent, punarnavine, in mice. Pharm Biol 2014; 52(6): 767-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2013.870583] [PMID: 24559436]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2013.870583] [PMID: 24559436]
[71]
Mehrotra S, Mishra KP, Maurya R, Srimal RC, Singh VK. Immunomodulation by ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa roots. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2(7): 987-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5769(02)00031-0] [PMID: 12188040]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5769(02)00031-0] [PMID: 12188040]
[72]
Pandey R, Maurya R, Singh G, Sathiamoorthy B, Naik S. Immunosuppressive properties of flavonoids isolated from Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5(3): 541-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2004.11.001] [PMID: 15683850]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2004.11.001] [PMID: 15683850]
[73]
Srivastava R, Saluja D. Inhibition of human cervical cancer cell growth by ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (Punarnava) root. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011; 42: 7031.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep223]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep223]
[74]
Manu KA, Kuttan G. Punarnavine induces apoptosis in B16F-10 melanoma cells by inhibiting NF-kappaB signaling. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10(6): 1031-7.
[PMID: 20192578]
[PMID: 20192578]
[75]
Leyon PV, Lini CC, Kuttan G. Inhibitory effect of Boerhaavia diffusa on experimental metastasis by B16F10 melanoma in C57BL/6 mice. Life Sci 2005; 76(12): 1339-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.06.031] [PMID: 15670614]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.06.031] [PMID: 15670614]
[76]
Manu KA, Kuttan G. Effect of Punarnavine, an alkaloid from Boerhaavia diffusa, on cell-mediated immune responses and TIMP-1 in B16F-10 metastatic melanoma-bearing mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2007; 29(3-4): 569-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08923970701692676] [PMID: 18075866]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08923970701692676] [PMID: 18075866]
[77]
Manu KA, Kuttan G. Boerhaavia diffusa stimulates cell-mediated immune response by upregulating IL-2 and downregulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines and GM-CSF in B16F-10 metastatic melanoma bearing mice. J Exp Ther Oncol 2008; 7(1): 17-29.
[PMID: 18472639]
[PMID: 18472639]
[78]
Sreeja S, Sreeja S. An in vitro study on antiproliferative and antiestrogenic effects of Boerhaavia diffusa L. extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 126(2): 221-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.08.041] [PMID: 19723573]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.08.041] [PMID: 19723573]
[79]
Shubha G, Govindaraju B. Antiinflammatory and analgesic activity of Boerhaavia diffusa L. Int Res J Pharm Appl Sci 2013; 3(1): 131-5.
[80]
Giresha AS, Pramod SN, Sathisha AD, Dharmappa KK. Neutralization of inflammation by inhibiting in vitro and in vivo secretory phospholipase A2 by ethanol extract of Boerhaavia diffusa L. Pharmacognosy Res 2017; 9(2): 174-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.204650] [PMID: 28539742]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.204650] [PMID: 28539742]
[81]
Bairwa K, Jachak SM. Anti-inflammatory potential of a lipid-based formulation of a rotenoid-rich fraction prepared from Boerhavia diffusa. Pharm Biol 2015; 53(8): 1231-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.971382] [PMID: 25864706]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.971382] [PMID: 25864706]
[82]
Gacche RN, Dhole NA. Antioxidant and possible anti-inflammatory potential of selected medicinal plants prescribed in the Indian traditional system of medicine. Pharm Biol 2006; 44(5): 389-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200600751691]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200600751691]
[83]
Teepica PDD, Sasikumar JM, Kulandhaivel M. In vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic analysis of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Ethnobot Leaflets 2009; 13: 263-8.
[84]
Gopal TK, Harish G, Chamundeeswari D, Reddy CU. In-vitro anti-oxidant activity of roots of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 2010; 1(4): 782-8.
[85]
Aviello G, Canadanovic-Brunet JM, Milic N, et al. Potent antioxidant and genoprotective effects of boeravinone G, a rotenoid isolated from Boerhaavia diffusa. PLoS One 2011; 6(5): e19628.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019628] [PMID: 21625488]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019628] [PMID: 21625488]
[86]
Shisode KS, Kareppa BM. In-vitro antioxidant activity and phytochemical studies of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. roots. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2011; 2: 3171-6.
[87]
Prathapan A, Singh MK, Anusree SS, Kumar DRS, Sundaresan A, Raghuanti KG. Peroxidative, free radical scavenging and metal chelating activities of Boerhaavia diffusa L. J Food Biochem 2011; 35(5): 1548-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00477.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00477.x]
[88]
Singh HP, Yadav IK, Chandra D, Jain DA. In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of different extracts of Boerhavia diffusa and Boswellia serrata. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2012; 3(11): 503-11.
[89]
Jayasri R, Anuradha R. In vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Boerhaavia diffusa. Res J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2012; 4(4): 223-5.
[90]
Akhter F, Hashim A, Khan MS, et al. Antioxidant, α-amylase inhibitory and oxidative DNA damage protective property of Boerhaavia diffusa (Linn.) root. S Afr J Bot 2013; 88: 265-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.024]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.024]
[91]
Patel M, Verma R, Srivastav P. Antioxidant activity of Boerhavia diffusa extract. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 2014; 6(3): 598-605.
[92]
Vasundhara CCS, Devi SG. Free radical scavenging activity of leaves of Boerhavia diffusa. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2015; 6(3): 77-84.
[93]
Ayyappan P, Palayyan SR, Kozhiparambil Gopalan R. Attenuation of oxidative damage by Boerhaavia diffusa L. against different neurotoxic agents in rat brain homogenate. J Diet Suppl 2016; 13(3): 300-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19390211.2015.1036186] [PMID: 26268727]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19390211.2015.1036186] [PMID: 26268727]
[94]
Ramyasri D, Ramadevi D. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of whole plant of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. J Glob Trends Pharm Sci 2017; 8(2): 3877-80.
[95]
Rathor L, Pandey R. Age-induced diminution of free radicals by Boeravinone B in Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp Gerontol 2018; 111: 94-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2018.07.005] [PMID: 30004006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2018.07.005] [PMID: 30004006]
[96]
Premakumari CC, Kanagavalli U, Sadiq AM, Hemalatha S. Kalaimagal. Antioxidant and immunomodulatory assay of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. Int J Res Pharmaceut Sci 2019; 10(1): 223-6.
[97]
Muthulingam M, Chaithanya KK. Total antioxidant capacity and iron chelating activities of methanolic leaf extract of Boerhavia diffusa (Linn.). Drug Invention Today 2019; 11(8): 1850-3.
[98]
Murugan K, Kalaivani P, Vanitha V, Bothiraj KV. Phytopharmacological and antioxidant analysis of hydroethanolic extract of Boerhavia diffusa. Int J Res Pharmaceut Sci 2020; 11(1): 840-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1904]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1904]
[99]
Bhalodiya M, Chavda J, Patel N, Manek R, Patel A, Faldu S. Determination of polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity from various extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn root: An in vitro approach for selection of appropriate extracting solvent. Pharmacogn J 2020; 12(6): 1578-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pj.2020.12.216]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pj.2020.12.216]
[100]
Khalid M, Alqarni MH, Foudah AI, Akhtar J, Shoaib A, Alam P. Evaluation of free radical scavenging potential of different bioactive fractions present in Boerhavia diffusa Linn. root extract: An in-vitro approach. J Pharm Res Int 2020; 32(12): 99-107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i1230567]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i1230567]
Article Metrics
11
1