Abstract
Due to its fast international spread and substantial mortality, the coronavirus disease COVID-19 evolved to a global threat. Since there is currently no causative drug against this viral infection available, science is striving for new drugs and other approaches to treat the new disease. Studies have shown that the cell entry of coronaviruses into host cells takes place through the binding of the viral spike (S) protein to cell receptors. Priming of the S protein occurs via hydrolysis by different host proteases. The inhibition of these proteases could impair the processing of the S protein, thereby affecting the interaction with the host-cell receptors and preventing virus cell entry. Hence, inhibition of these proteases could be a promising strategy for treatment against SARSCoV- 2. In this review, we discuss the current state of the art of developing inhibitors against the entry proteases furin, the transmembrane serine protease type-II (TMPRSS2), trypsin, and cathepsin L.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, host proteases, protease inhibitors, furin, cathepsin L, TMPRSS2, trypsin.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3] [PMID: 32015508]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017] [PMID: 31978945]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8] [PMID: 32007145]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z] [PMID: 32123347]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2027906] [PMID: 33053279]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2024671] [PMID: 32722908]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2035389] [PMID: 33378609]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32661-1] [PMID: 33306989]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30843-4] [PMID: 33217362]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg6105] [PMID: 33514629]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30627-9] [PMID: 32178769]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30690-5] [PMID: 32220279]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1735227] [PMID: 32186952]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117652] [PMID: 32278693]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17180] [PMID: 26934220]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040326] [PMID: 30987343]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2015301] [PMID: 32459919]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2007764] [PMID: 32445440 ]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2023184] [PMID: 33264556]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00861] [PMID: 32914973]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S1526] [PMID: 18728705]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC103.575585]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1719902] [PMID: 31987001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7] [PMID: 32015507]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.018] [PMID: 32979942]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.011] [PMID: 32330414]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.020] [PMID: 32335367]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805270106] [PMID: 19124777]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00645-06] [PMID: 16873249]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/28.1.235] [PMID: 10592235]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embj.2020105114] [PMID: 32246845]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5] [PMID: 32225176]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2179-y] [PMID: 32225175]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2601-5] [PMID: 32726803]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.24.13600-13612.2004] [PMID: 15564471]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13238-010-0011-4] [PMID: 21203998]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2004.06.007] [PMID: 15358261]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abd3255] [PMID: 32958580]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2223-y] [PMID: 32272481]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embj.2020106275] [PMID: 32845033]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102424] [PMID: 32455942]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102271] [PMID: 32408547]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-0184-0] [PMID: 32532959]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2507] [PMID: 32075877]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb9983] [PMID: 32366695]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-0148-4] [PMID: 32296041]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10409230802058320] [PMID: 18568847]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41594-019-0233-y] [PMID: 31160783]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18319-6] [PMID: 32917884]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052] [PMID: 32142651]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.1570] [PMID: 15141377]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13525] [PMID: 32374903]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25762] [PMID: 32167180]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101212] [PMID: 32512386]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12070693] [PMID: 32604992]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.027] [PMID: 29329682]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10727.x] [PMID: 9629127]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3699] [PMID: 22679642]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30714] [PMID: 28369813]
[PMID: 9667917]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.18.11107] [PMID: 9556596]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(200006)22:6< 545:AID-BIES7>3.0.CO;2-F] [PMID: 10842308]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm934] [PMID: 12360192]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01124] [PMID: 29314830]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00364823] [PMID: 3488499]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.17.8235] [PMID: 1325651]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M108740200] [PMID: 11799113]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06936.x] [PMID: 7813430]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06231.x] [PMID: 7508380]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.111.6.2851] [PMID: 2269657]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.44.26565] [PMID: 7592877]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(20)80616-4] [PMID: 8408037]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)49712-3] [PMID: 1629222]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0907444905002556] [PMID: 15858259]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613630113] [PMID: 27647913]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01909-5] [PMID: 10701998]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42016-9] [PMID: 1644824]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.68.2.1213-1218.1994] [PMID: 8289354]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0962-8924(98)01382-8] [PMID: 10087614]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712] [PMID: 12543708]
[PMID: 11861378]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.21.10277] [PMID: 1438214]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.65.10.4130-4134.1997] [PMID: 9317018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M502264200] [PMID: 16109723]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.192104] [PMID: 21147780]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.24.4863] [PMID: 9811571]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1065057] [PMID: 11729324]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mc.1057] [PMID: 11536372]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1997.258] [PMID: 9166946]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1073] [PMID: 31406574]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/360358a0] [PMID: 1360148]
[PMID: 32275259]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01486-5] [PMID: 32737833]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681] [PMID: 31967327]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.08.002] [PMID: 31522710]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11090837] [PMID: 31505793]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003138117] [PMID: 32376634]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104742] [PMID: 32057769]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.022] [PMID: 32362314]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407087111] [PMID: 25288733]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsb941] [PMID: 12794637]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108254] [PMID: 33007239]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M803762200] [PMID: 18505722]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2004.11.006] [PMID: 15791576]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.49.9.3875-3882.2005] [PMID: 16127065]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bchm2.1929.180.1-3.127]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr950025u] [PMID: 11848867]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.181] [PMID: 10410800]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(94)44034-4] [PMID: 7845226]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2011.02.020] [PMID: 21435673]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0505577102] [PMID: 16081529]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.028] [PMID: 24121034]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M508381200] [PMID: 16339146]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.021] [PMID: 25445340]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2260233] [PMID: 3977867]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54038-2] [PMID: 8419312]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-382219-2.00410-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030698] [PMID: 32041276]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.096] [PMID: 15823552]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/BC.2006.080] [PMID: 16740135]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3610173] [PMID: 11742542]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986610790225932] [PMID: 19663777]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1119(03)00838-2] [PMID: 14636995]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(96)00986-6] [PMID: 8830671]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42654-8] [PMID: 6094568]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi952736s] [PMID: 8679567]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2720039] [PMID: 2264836]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.19.11498] [PMID: 9565563]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2480449] [PMID: 3435459]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(88)80356-5] [PMID: 3348813]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1995.0062] [PMID: 7487106]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.062] [PMID: 18086562]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/BC.2002.216] [PMID: 12553729]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(92)90268-P] [PMID: 1482371]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(89)90289-0] [PMID: 2658811]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(89)90247-6] [PMID: 2751313]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80737-3] [PMID: 3360127]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80028-0] [PMID: 3342889]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(94)00924-4] [PMID: 7925987]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(88)90618-2] [PMID: 3369855]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00934.x] [PMID: 8896443]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)43803-3] [PMID: 7982933]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(86)80093-6] [PMID: 3533059]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(80)81128-8] [PMID: 6993230]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2010367] [PMID: 7082295]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3470123] [PMID: 10727410]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkp971] [PMID: 19892822]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M513331200] [PMID: 16520377]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923508] [PMID: 1740187]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.05-5517fje] [PMID: 16636100]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M703447200] [PMID: 17942402]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-008-0423-2] [PMID: 19096818]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.092637699] [PMID: 11972068]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5362.450] [PMID: 9545226]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.168.6.2618] [PMID: 11884425]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7022] [PMID: 15905545]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2010.03.014] [PMID: 20347002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2009.07.003] [PMID: 19664906]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI25485] [PMID: 16184198]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012894] [PMID: 20877570]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2790167] [PMID: 1930136]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(84)90560-6] [PMID: 6393977]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298591] [PMID: 7648488]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.02469] [PMID: 16079282]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0171-9335-00404] [PMID: 15679121]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-009-0438-3] [PMID: 19169657]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.99-0970com] [PMID: 11023992]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)61127-3] [PMID: 12000732]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.10-155879] [PMID: 20495178]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00094-12] [PMID: 22496216]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01890-13] [PMID: 24027332]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1990.021910313]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15562-9] [PMID: 32221306]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03050-13] [PMID: 24501399]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118313] [PMID: 32835700]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.05300-11] [PMID: 21994442]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03398-14] [PMID: 25552710]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144953] [PMID: 32668803]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107587] [PMID: 32470470]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2010.09.007] [PMID: 20850545]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.04.026] [PMID: 33962011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.01.011] [PMID: 25666761]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00998-13] [PMID: 23678171]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.110.064261] [PMID: 20466822]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.007] [PMID: 34002130]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02867366] [PMID: 23105391]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2119/molmed.2016.00222] [PMID: 28332696]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.716100] [PMID: 26953343]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0] [PMID: 32020029]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41419-018-0378-3] [PMID: 29500339]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.025] [PMID: 25108379]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00164-09] [PMID: 19264786]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08923973.2013.780078] [PMID: 23635029]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3838593] [PMID: 3838593]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00180a020] [PMID: 8155642]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00038a067 ]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-382219-2.00575-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.140132697] [PMID: 10869434]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(74)90163-6] [PMID: 4475115]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(74)90387-8] [PMID: 4821870]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/257758a0] [PMID: 1186854]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(78)90246-2] [PMID: 625059]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503203102] [PMID: 16116101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450121666200924113243] [PMID: 32972339]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.03.024257]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01118-06] [PMID: 16973594]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02062-10] [PMID: 21068237]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202000786] [PMID: 32703818]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2006.03.003] [PMID: 17110311]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/geno.1997.4845] [PMID: 9325052]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.19.11895] [PMID: 9565616]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35012518] [PMID: 10830953]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.R000020200] [PMID: 11060317]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv1118] [PMID: 26527717]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023003616848] [PMID: 12784999]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02165.x] [PMID: 11322890]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01196-0] [PMID: 10683448]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.63.070194.003125] [PMID: 7979249]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.43.26924] [PMID: 8900177]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/6669] [PMID: 10074941]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2010.09.010] [PMID: 20888856]
[PMID: 11245484]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.76.17.8682-8689.2002] [PMID: 12163588]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm.2020.04.28] [PMID: 32411754]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1999.3089] [PMID: 10493881]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109830200] [PMID: 11696548]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(67)80055-X] [PMID: 6035483]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.48.29987] [PMID: 9374470]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BJ20130101] [PMID: 23527573]
[PMID: 10485450]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M105044200] [PMID: 11756432]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.26.3.965-975.2006] [PMID: 16428450]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1997.77.2.359] [PMID: 9114818]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0070-2153(03)54009-1] [PMID: 12696750]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/41672] [PMID: 9262394]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/16.10.2610] [PMID: 9184208]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.11.6523] [PMID: 8626456]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000130] [PMID: 25734995]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.1526] [PMID: 11745466]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.20005] [PMID: 15065083]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BJ20041066] [PMID: 15537383]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0070-2153(03)54014-5] [PMID: 12696755]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(75)90285-8] [PMID: 128196]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(75)90284-6] [PMID: 173078]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00676-08] [PMID: 18562527]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/viro.2001.1355] [PMID: 12033771]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00464-11] [PMID: 21613395]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02744-05] [PMID: 16809285]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809524106] [PMID: 19321428]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.16.8801-8811.2003] [PMID: 12885899]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007870] [PMID: 19924243]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02232-10] [PMID: 21325420]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1702(97)01468-8] [PMID: 9213392]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1729069] [PMID: 32065055]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.19.10628-10635.2004] [PMID: 15367630]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1116480] [PMID: 16166518]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001082] [PMID: 17957264]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0307140101] [PMID: 14983044]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02145] [PMID: 14647384]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-8-73] [PMID: 17961210]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035876] [PMID: 22558251]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01815-18] [PMID: 30626688]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.04.479] [PMID: 32387456]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2003.12.002] [PMID: 15003568]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.029] [PMID: 19840668]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.07.014] [PMID: 21802447]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.040] [PMID: 25679759]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094267] [PMID: 24722141]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M801970200] [PMID: 18713750]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.033] [PMID: 21741839]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm100183e] [PMID: 20684597]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm300337q] [PMID: 22612268]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm051272l] [PMID: 16821772]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2md20074k]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.019] [PMID: 19036586]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-1010] [PMID: 25122198]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.23.167544] [PMID: 32596694]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01294-10] [PMID: 21123387]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01542-10] [PMID: 20926566]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0306446101] [PMID: 15010527]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05206.x] [PMID: 17995943]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00535-009-0148-1] [PMID: 19876587]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/okuno] [PMID: 11779708]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2017.11.012] [PMID: 29217279]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01718208] [PMID: 8920829]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2015.07.001] [PMID: 26166259]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00498259409043223] [PMID: 8165824]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01043-16] [PMID: 27550352]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00852] [PMID: 31552177]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000485724] [PMID: 30041229]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pro.118] [PMID: 19388054]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01697] [PMID: 31769670]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.20.11000] [PMID: 10500114]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03540260059037] [PMID: 8990341]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/id000034] [PMID: 30671330]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.202000548] [PMID: 32930481]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.12.015] [PMID: 25554382]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104859] [PMID: 32360480]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4199/C00068ED1V01Y201211PAC004]