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Anti-Infective Agents

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2211-3525
ISSN (Online): 2211-3533

Research Article

Potential Antibacterial Activity of Yemeni Sidr Honey Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes

Author(s): Mohammad A. Al-kafaween*, Abu Bakar Mohd Hilmi, Hamid A. Nagi Al-Jamal*, Rania M. Al-Groom, Nour A. Elsahoryi and Hiba Al-Sayyed

Volume 19, Issue 4, 2021

Published on: 19 March, 2021

Article ID: e130621192336 Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/2211352519666210319100204

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Sidr honey has been reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity against numerous pathogenic bacteria making this honey a promising functional food for the treatment of wounds or stomach ulcers.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Sidr honey against P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes.

Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for Sidr honey were determined by the broth dilution method. The growth curve of both bacteria with MIC, half-MIC, and quarter-MIC was monitored by optical density (at OD570). The timekill curve was used to determine the bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of Sidr honey on both bacteria by plotting colony-forming unit (CFUs) versus time. The effect of Sidr honey on the ultrastructure of the P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of Sidr honey on the expression of virulence genes in both bacteria was determined using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

Results: The results showed that Sidr honey possessed the lowest MIC value against P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes with 12.5% (w/v) and 20% (w/v), respectively. In addition, the MBC value for Sidr honey was found to be 20% (w/v) and 25% (w/v) against P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes respectively. Growth curves conducted with MIC Sidr honey resulted in no growth of P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes. Growth curves with half-MIC Sidr honey resulted in a reduced growth rate and reduction in overall cell number in both bacteria over a period of 24 h, compared with cells grown without honey. In the time-kill curve, treatment of P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes with Sidr honey for 8 hours resulted in decreases of 4-log reduction (P < 0.05) in total viable counts (TVCs). SEM analysis revealed marked changes in the bacterial cell morphology for both bacteria following treatment with Sidr honey. These changes included the appearance of irregular shapes, incomplete cell division, and swelling cells. The RT-qPCR results showed that the expression of algD, oprF, fleN, fleQ, fleR, fliA, and fliC in P. aeruginosa decreased 0.43-fold, 0.38-fold, 0.41-fold, 0.51-fold, 0.40-fold, 0.61-fold, and 0.39-fold respectively after exposure to Sidr honey. Meanwhile, the expression of sof, sfbl, and scpA in S. pyogenes decreased 0.18-fold, 0.21-fold, and 0.28-fold respectively, after treated with Sidr honey.

Conclusion: Using varying methods to evaluate the planktonic integrity, this study demonstrated that Sidr honey has antibacterial activity against both bacteria and has potential as a therapeutic agent for microbial infection, particularly against these two organisms. To our knowledge, this study is the first to indicate that Sidr honey is effective at inducing cell lysis and identify target genes at the genetic level that might be involved in this process.

Keywords: Sidr honey, antibacterial activity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gene expression.

Graphical Abstract


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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid,a.publish_on, a.pmid,a.article_id,a.doi,j.journal_id,j.subtitle,v.volume_name,a.volume_id as volume_id, a.issue_id,a.title,first_page, last_page, page_count,abstract,ifnull(is_abstract,"y"),asec.title as article_section,at.type_name as article_type_name, a.article_id as ArticleID ,is_epub,epub_price,epub_type,a.created, y.year from `article` as `a` left join `article_section` as `asec` on `asec`.`art_sec_id` = `a`.`is_epub` left join `article_type` as `at` on `at`.`art_type_id` = `a`.`art_type` left join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `a`.`journal_id` inner join `volume` as `v` on `a`.`volume_id` = `v`.`volume_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `v`.`year_id` = `y`.`id` where a.article_status != "W" and a.is_epub = 1 and a.journal_id = 120 and a.is_uploaded = 1 group by `a`.`article_id` order by `a`.`publish_on` desc
      5.8msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#528
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:528
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2070
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid,a.publish_on, a.pmid,a.article_id,a.doi,j.journal_id,j.subtitle,v.volume_name,a.volume_id as volume_id, a.issue_id,a.title,first_page, last_page, page_count,abstract,ifnull(is_abstract,"y"),asec.title as article_section,at.type_name as article_type_name, a.article_id as ArticleID ,is_epub,epub_price,epub_type,a.created, y.year from `article` as `a` left join `article_section` as `asec` on `asec`.`art_sec_id` = `a`.`is_epub` left join `article_type` as `at` on `at`.`art_type_id` = `a`.`art_type` left join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `a`.`journal_id` inner join `volume` as `v` on `a`.`volume_id` = `v`.`volume_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `v`.`year_id` = `y`.`id` where a.article_status != "W" and a.is_epub = 4 and a.journal_id = 120 and a.is_uploaded = 1 group by `a`.`article_id` order by `a`.`publish_on` desc
      3.6msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#528
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:528
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2071
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select pdf, html, epub, prc from `article_metrics` where `article_id` = 114944 limit 1
      970μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#744
      Bindings
      • 0: 114944
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:744
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2091
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from content_by_diseases where content_id = 114944 and content_type = 'article' order by status desc limit 1
      3.73msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#751
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:751
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2094
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid article_nid,a.title article_title,j.title journal_title from content_by_diseases cd inner join article a on a.article_id=cd.content_id inner join journal j on j.journal_id=a.journal_id where cd.pid = 283 and cd.sub_disease_id = 591 and content_id!=114944 and cd.content_type = 'article' order by rand() limit 20
      70.18msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#769
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:769
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2098
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `node_meta` where `nid` = 192336 limit 1
      330μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Meta.php#30
      Bindings
      • 0: 192336
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Meta.php:30
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2101
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `bo`.* from `bundle_offer` as `bo` where `bo`.`bundle_status` = 'A' order by `bo`.`bundle_id` desc
      280μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022BundleOffer.php#57
      Bindings
      • 0: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/BundleOffer.php:57
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2108
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `tbl_ht_submission` as `h` where `h`.`subtitle` = 'AIA' and (h.proposal_closing_date = 0 OR TO_DAYS(FROM_UNIXTIME(h.proposal_closing_date)) >= TO_DAYS(NOW())) order by `h`.`manuscript` asc
      430μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#2025
      Bindings
      • 0: AIA
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:2025
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2112
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '114944' and content_type = 'a' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      480μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2186
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '10740' and content_type = 'i' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      380μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2207
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '2954' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      340μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2231
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58953283 and j.to_ip >=58953283 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848067 and j.to_date >= 1739848067 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2954) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58953283 and j.to_ip >=58953283 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848067 and j.to_date >= 1739848067 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2954) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58953283 and j.to_ip >=58953283 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848067 and j.to_date >= 1739848067 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2954)
      26.31msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2272
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58953283 and j.to_ip >=58953283 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848067 and j.to_date >= 1739848067 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 10740) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58953283 and j.to_ip >=58953283 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848067 and j.to_date >= 1739848067 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 10740) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58953283 and j.to_ip >=58953283 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848067 and j.to_date >= 1739848067 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 10740)
      1.02msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2297
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58953283 and j.to_ip >=58953283 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848067 and j.to_date >= 1739848067 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 114944) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58953283 and j.to_ip >=58953283 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848067 and j.to_date >= 1739848067 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 114944) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58953283 and j.to_ip >=58953283 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848067 and j.to_date >= 1739848067 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 114944)
      700μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2329
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `article` where `first_page` < '8' and is_uploaded = 1 and issue_id = 10740 order by cast(first_page as SIGNED) desc limit 1
      680μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1819
      Bindings
      • 0: 8
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:1819
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2470
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `article` where `last_page` > '22' and is_uploaded = 1 and issue_id = 10740 order by cast(first_page as SIGNED) asc limit 1
      470μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1831
      Bindings
      • 0: 22
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:1831
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2472
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `language_id` from `multilanguage` where `short_code` = 'en'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ArticleController.php#2497
      Bindings
      • 0: en
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2497
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select `source_lang_label`, `target_lang_label` from `multilanguage_labels` where `target_lang_id` = 1
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022MultiLanguage.php#23
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/MultiLanguage.php:23
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2498
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `id` from `multilanguage_article` where `article_id` = 114944 limit 1
      2.49msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ArticleController.php#2506
      Bindings
      • 0: 114944
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2506
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `bd`.`content_id` where `b`.`banner_journal` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'J' and `bd`.`content_id` = 120 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739848067 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739848067 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.15msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: J
      • 2: 120
      • 3: 1739848067
      • 4: 1739848067
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `bd`.`content_id` where `b`.`banner_journal` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'J' and `bd`.`content_id` = 120 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739848067 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739848067 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.5msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: J
      • 2: 120
      • 3: 1739848067
      • 4: 1739848067
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='594ea96f3c2738cf73f8880a175c9840'
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\MultiLanguage
    1MultiLanguage.php#?
        _token
        tMpLXxImgJVpQHWBYoAUU0UhXU6FsOWKD865Jkmy
        uc_cart_id
        594ea96f3c2738cf73f8880a175c9840
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/article/114944" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /article/114944
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 03:07:47 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkxCOGNHWktoZGdRM3M3MndqS0l4ZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZHh3QkJkQkJncnNtWGljbDZLN0M0UjBIMWZYUVRZeFB0ZHZBLzBmZmd2NDJCK2RNMnJmcmFCc01OWEIvSEZjTHIxN0QxcSttVTJRa01lVlpCVHFpb0lOS1RNcXlNWnliaUVOenpxWlhpVlpDc2g0bkFaYkkyREJTZStSMG5oOGMiLCJtYWMiOiI1ODMyYTdmNzhjZjMzYTc0MDYxYTIzN2Y1ZWQxYmE1ZmI1YWRiZWFkN2I5YmE2ZTU0OTUxNjNlNmQ5ZTJkM2U5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 15:07:47 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkxCOGNHWktoZGdRM3M3MndqS0l4ZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZHh3QkJkQkJncnNtWGljbDZLN0M0UjBIMWZYUVRZeFB0ZHZBLzBmZmd2NDJCK2RNMnJmcmFCc01OWEIvSEZjTHIxN0Qxc" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii9kNjFXUk91YnEzTUtEQ1orUElJREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNGxuVDRCaEF0ZGVVZUN0QkZUcGZwQUtlQ0U2SEpzVVRTNjhsRnFONUpCaFhHWWVTWDJKc05xYUIrVlFXSjR6YTNZMUpNOUFPTEVnOVlZT0JJNGFNcmVZNjYyN0hOcUg4WVNPOStVbmd4eUhoS1I5RHhXVm1ib1BjOVZIL0JJdXEiLCJtYWMiOiIzNTZkMDg0MmRiOGRmMDJiODhiZTAwYWI3MzQ4Y2E5NjhjZWYwZDkzODBlMDJjMGY0MjU2ZGJmOGEzNjM3NDNlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii9kNjFXUk91YnEzTUtEQ1orUElJREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNGxuVDRCaEF0ZGVVZUN0QkZUcGZwQUtlQ0U2SEpzVVRTNjhsRnFONUpCaFhHWWVTWDJKc05xYUI" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkxCOGNHWktoZGdRM3M3MndqS0l4ZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZHh3QkJkQkJncnNtWGljbDZLN0M0UjBIMWZYUVRZeFB0ZHZBLzBmZmd2NDJCK2RNMnJmcmFCc01OWEIvSEZjTHIxN0QxcSttVTJRa01lVlpCVHFpb0lOS1RNcXlNWnliaUVOenpxWlhpVlpDc2g0bkFaYkkyREJTZStSMG5oOGMiLCJtYWMiOiI1ODMyYTdmNzhjZjMzYTc0MDYxYTIzN2Y1ZWQxYmE1ZmI1YWRiZWFkN2I5YmE2ZTU0OTUxNjNlNmQ5ZTJkM2U5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 15:07:47 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkxCOGNHWktoZGdRM3M3MndqS0l4ZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZHh3QkJkQkJncnNtWGljbDZLN0M0UjBIMWZYUVRZeFB0ZHZBLzBmZmd2NDJCK2RNMnJmcmFCc01OWEIvSEZjTHIxN0Qxc" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii9kNjFXUk91YnEzTUtEQ1orUElJREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNGxuVDRCaEF0ZGVVZUN0QkZUcGZwQUtlQ0U2SEpzVVRTNjhsRnFONUpCaFhHWWVTWDJKc05xYUIrVlFXSjR6YTNZMUpNOUFPTEVnOVlZT0JJNGFNcmVZNjYyN0hOcUg4WVNPOStVbmd4eUhoS1I5RHhXVm1ib1BjOVZIL0JJdXEiLCJtYWMiOiIzNTZkMDg0MmRiOGRmMDJiODhiZTAwYWI3MzQ4Y2E5NjhjZWYwZDkzODBlMDJjMGY0MjU2ZGJmOGEzNjM3NDNlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ii9kNjFXUk91YnEzTUtEQ1orUElJREE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNGxuVDRCaEF0ZGVVZUN0QkZUcGZwQUtlQ0U2SEpzVVRTNjhsRnFONUpCaFhHWWVTWDJKc05xYUI" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "tMpLXxImgJVpQHWBYoAUU0UhXU6FsOWKD865Jkmy" "uc_cart_id" => "594ea96f3c2738cf73f8880a175c9840" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/article/114944" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:07:47GET/article/114944413371