Generic placeholder image

Current Diabetes Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-3998
ISSN (Online): 1875-6417

General Review Article

Hepatic Mediators of Lipid Metabolism and Ketogenesis: Focus on Fatty Liver and Diabetes

Author(s): Gustavo W. Fernandes* and Barbara M. L. C. Bocco

Volume 17, Issue 7, 2021

Published on: 03 November, 2020

Article ID: e110320187539 Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/1573399816999201103141216

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder that it is caused by the absence of insulin secretion due to the inability of the pancreas to produce it (type 1 diabetes; T1DM), or due to defects of insulin signaling in the peripheral tissues, resulting in insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes; T2DM). Commonly, the occurrence of insulin resistance in T2DM patients reflects the high prevalence of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in these individuals. In fact, approximately 60% of T2DM patients are also diagnosed to have NAFLD, and this condition is strongly linked with insulin resistance and obesity. NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of obesity and metabolic syndrome and includes a spectrum of pathological conditions, which range from simple steatosis (NAFL), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD manifestation is followed by a series of hepatic lipid deregulations and the main abnormalities are increased triglyceride levels, increased hepatic production of VLDL and a reduction in VLDL catabolism. During the progression of NAFLD, the production of ketone bodies progressively reduces while hepatic glucose synthesis and output increases. In fact, most of the fat that enters the liver can be disposed of through ketogenesis, preventing the development of NAFLD and hyperglycemia.

Objective: This review will focus on the pathophysiological aspect of hepatic lipid metabolism deregulation, ketogenesis, and its relevance in the progression of NAFLD and T2DM.

Conclusion: A better understanding of the molecular mediators involved in lipid synthesis and ketogenesis can lead to new treatments for metabolic disorders in the liver, such as NAFLD.

Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, steatosis, NAFLD ketogenesis, lipid metabolism, steatohepatitis.

[1]
Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Oh BJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clinic proceedings Mayo Clinic 1980; 55(7): 434-8.
[2]
Loomba R, Sanyal AJ. The global NAFLD epidemic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10(11): 686-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2013.171] [PMID: 24042449]
[3]
Xia MF, Bian H, Gao X. NAFLD and Diabetes: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Rationale for Gene-Based Personalized NAFLD Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10: 877.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00877] [PMID: 31447675]
[4]
Donnelly KL, Smith CI, Schwarzenberg SJ, Jessurun J, Boldt MD, Parks EJ. Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest 2005; 115(5): 1343-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI23621] [PMID: 15864352]
[5]
Lambert JE, Ramos-Roman MA, Browning JD, Parks EJ. Increased de novo lipogenesis is a distinct characteristic of individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2014; 146(3): 726-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2013.11.049] [PMID: 24316260]
[6]
Sunny NE, Parks EJ, Browning JD, Burgess SC. Excessive hepatic mitochondrial TCA cycle and gluconeogenesis in humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell Metab 2011; 14(6): 804-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2011.11.004] [PMID: 22152305]
[7]
Fletcher JA, Deja S, Satapati S, Fu X, Burgess SC, Browning JD. Impaired ketogenesis and increased acetyl-CoA oxidation promote hyperglycemia in human fatty liver. JCI Insight 2019; 5: 5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.127737] [PMID: 31012869]
[8]
Reddy JK, Mannaerts GP. Peroxisomal lipid metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 1994; 14: 343-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.14.070194.002015] [PMID: 7946524]
[9]
Iozzo P, Bucci M, Roivainen A, Nagren K, Jarvisalo MJ, Kiss J, et al. Fatty acid metabolism in the liver, measured by positron emission tomography, is increased in obese individuals. Gastroenterology 2010; 139(3): 846-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2010.05.039]
[10]
Brundin T, Thörne A, Wahren J. Heat leakage across the abdominal wall and meal-induced thermogenesis in normal-weight and obese subjects. Metabolism 1992; 41(1): 49-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(92)90190-L] [PMID: 1531691]
[11]
Cotter DG, Ercal B, Huang X, et al. Ketogenesis prevents diet-induced fatty liver injury and hyperglycemia. J Clin Invest 2014; 124(12): 5175-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI76388] [PMID: 25347470]
[12]
Blair M. Diabetes Mellitus Review. Urol Nurs 2016; 36(1): 27-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7257/1053-816X.2016.36.1.27] [PMID: 27093761]
[13]
DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Groop L, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015; 1: 15019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.19] [PMID: 27189025]
[14]
Olokoba AB, Obateru OA, Olokoba LB. Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of current trends. Oman Med J 2012; 27(4): 269-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5001/omj.2012.68] [PMID: 23071876]
[15]
Kharroubi AT, Darwish HM. Diabetes mellitus: The epidemic of the century. World J Diabetes 2015; 6(6): 850-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i6.850] [PMID: 26131326]
[16]
Craig ME, Jefferies C, Dabelea D, Balde N, Seth A, Donaghue KC. International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15(Suppl. 20): 4-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12186] [PMID: 25182305]
[17]
Dabelea D, Mayer-Davis EJ, Saydah S, et al. Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009. JAMA 2014; 311(17): 1778-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.3201] [PMID: 24794371]
[18]
Devendra D, Liu E, Eisenbarth GS. Type 1 diabetes: recent developments. BMJ 2004; 328(7442): 750-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7442.750] [PMID: 15044291]
[19]
Donath MY, Ehses JA, Maedler K, et al. Mechanisms of beta-cell death in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2005; 54(Suppl. 2): S108-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.54.suppl_2.S108] [PMID: 16306327]
[20]
Gestational diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5(1): 48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0104-1] [PMID: 31296868]
[21]
Hollander MH, Paarlberg KM, Huisjes AJ. Gestational diabetes: a review of the current literature and guidelines. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2007; 62(2): 125-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ogx.0000253303.92229.59] [PMID: 17229329]
[22]
Tilg H, Moschen AR, Roden M. NAFLD and diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14(1): 32-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2016.147] [PMID: 27729660]
[23]
Hazlehurst JM, Woods C, Marjot T, Cobbold JF, Tomlinson JW. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes. Metabolism 2016; 65(8): 1096-108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2016.01.001] [PMID: 26856933]
[24]
Ballestri S, Zona S, Targher G, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an almost twofold increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31(5): 936-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgh.13264] [PMID: 26667191]
[25]
Rector RS, Thyfault JP, Wei Y, Ibdah JA. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the metabolic syndrome: an update. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14(2): 185-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.14.185] [PMID: 18186553]
[26]
Clark JM. The epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40(Suppl. 1): S5-S10.
[PMID: 16540768]
[27]
Marchesini G, Brizi M, Bianchi G, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a feature of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 2001; 50(8): 1844-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.50.8.1844] [PMID: 11473047]
[28]
Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Caldwell SH. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: summary of an AASLD Single Topic Conference. Hepatology 2003; 37(5): 1202-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2003.50193] [PMID: 12717402]
[29]
Marchesini G, Brizi M, Morselli-Labate AM, et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. Am J Med 1999; 107(5): 450-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00271-5] [PMID: 10569299]
[30]
Fon Tacer K, Rozman D. Nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease: focus on lipoprotein and lipid deregulation. J Lipids 2011; 2011: 783976.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/783976] [PMID: 21773052]
[31]
Haas JT, Francque S, Staels B. Pathophysiology and Mechanisms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Annu Rev Physiol 2016; 78: 181-205.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105331] [PMID: 26667070]
[32]
Perry RJ, Camporez JG, Kursawe R, et al. Hepatic acetyl CoA links adipose tissue inflammation to hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Cell 2015; 160(4): 745-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.012] [PMID: 25662011]
[33]
Jensen TL, Kiersgaard MK, Sørensen DB, Mikkelsen LF. Fasting of mice: a review. Lab Anim 2013; 47(4): 225-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677213501659] [PMID: 24025567]
[34]
Cali AM, Zern TL, Taksali SE, et al. Intrahepatic fat accumulation and alterations in lipoprotein composition in obese adolescents: a perfect proatherogenic state. Diabetes Care 2007; 30(12): 3093-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc07-1088] [PMID: 17717283]
[35]
Browning JD, Horton JD. Molecular mediators of hepatic steatosis and liver injury. J Clin Invest 2004; 114(2): 147-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI200422422] [PMID: 15254578]
[36]
Day CP, James OF. Steatohepatitis: a tale of two “hits”? Gastroenterology 1998; 114(4): 842-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70599-2] [PMID: 9547102]
[37]
Anstee QM, McPherson S, Day CP. How big a problem is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? BMJ 2011; 343: d3897.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d3897] [PMID: 21768191]
[38]
Arguello G, Balboa E, Arrese M, Zanlungo S. Recent insights on the role of cholesterol in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1852(9): 1765-78.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.05.015] [PMID: 26027904]
[39]
Lonardo A, Byrne CD, Caldwell SH, Cortez-Pinto H, Targher G. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 2016; 64(4): 1388-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.28584] [PMID: 27038241]
[40]
Younossi ZM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - A global public health perspective. J Hepatol 2019; 70(3): 531-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.10.033] [PMID: 30414863]
[41]
Goessling W, Massaro JM, Vasan RS, D’Agostino RB Sr, Ellison RC, Fox CS. Aminotransferase levels and 20-year risk of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Gastroenterology 2008; 135(6): 1935-1944, 1944.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.09.018] [PMID: 19010326]
[42]
Kunutsor SK, Apekey TA, Walley J. Liver aminotransferases and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178(2): 159-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kws469] [PMID: 23729682]
[43]
Bae JC, Rhee EJ, Lee WY, et al. Combined effect of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and impaired fasting glucose on the development of type 2 diabetes: a 4-year retrospective longitudinal study. Diabetes Care 2011; 34(3): 727-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1991] [PMID: 21278140]
[44]
Armstrong MJ, Adams LA, Canbay A, Syn WK. Extrahepatic complications of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2014; 59(3): 1174-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.26717] [PMID: 24002776]
[45]
Portillo-Sanchez P, Bril F, Maximos M, et al. High prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and normal plasma aminotransferase levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100(6): 2231-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-1966] [PMID: 25885947]
[46]
Wang C, Wang X, Gong G, Ben Q, Qiu W, Chen Y, et al. Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J canc 2012; 130(7): 1639-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.26165]
[47]
Koehler EM, Plompen EP, Schouten JN, et al. Presence of diabetes mellitus and steatosis is associated with liver stiffness in a general population: The Rotterdam study. Hepatology 2016; 63(1): 138-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.27981] [PMID: 26171685]
[48]
Kwok R, Choi KC, Wong GL, et al. Screening diabetic patients for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with controlled attenuation parameter and liver stiffness measurements: a prospective cohort study. Gut 2016; 65(8): 1359-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309265] [PMID: 25873639]
[49]
El-Serag HB, Tran T, Everhart JE. Diabetes increases the risk of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004; 126(2): 460-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2003.10.065] [PMID: 14762783]
[50]
Sanyal A, Poklepovic A, Moyneur E, Barghout V. Population-based risk factors and resource utilization for HCC: US perspective. Curr Med Res Opin 2010; 26(9): 2183-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2010.506375] [PMID: 20666689]
[51]
Lomonaco R, Bril F, Portillo-Sanchez P, et al. Metabolic Impact of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Obese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2016; 39(4): 632-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc15-1876] [PMID: 26861926]
[52]
Radaelli MG, Martucci F, Perra S, et al. NAFLD/NASH in patients with type 2 diabetes and related treatment options. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41(5): 509-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40618-017-0799-3] [PMID: 29189999]
[53]
Jelenik T, Kaul K, Séquaris G, et al. Mechanisms of insulin resistance in primary and secondary nonalcoholic fatty liver. Diabetes 2017; 66(8): 2241-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db16-1147] [PMID: 28490610]
[54]
Utzschneider KM, Kahn SE. Review: The role of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91(12): 4753-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-0587] [PMID: 16968800]
[55]
Sanyal AJ, Campbell-Sargent C, Mirshahi F, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities. Gastroenterology 2001; 120(5): 1183-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/gast.2001.23256] [PMID: 11266382]
[56]
Lomonaco R, Ortiz-Lopez C, Orsak B, et al. Effect of adipose tissue insulin resistance on metabolic parameters and liver histology in obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2012; 55(5): 1389-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.25539] [PMID: 22183689]
[57]
Wilson CG, Tran JL, Erion DM, Vera NB, Febbraio M, Weiss EJ. Hepatocyte-specific disruption of cd36 attenuates fatty liver and improves insulin sensitivity in HFD-Fed mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157(2): 570-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1866] [PMID: 26650570]
[58]
Zhu L, Baker SS, Liu W, et al. Lipid in the livers of adolescents with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: combined effects of pathways on steatosis. Metabolism 2011; 60(7): 1001-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2010.10.003] [PMID: 21075404]
[59]
Larter CZ, Yeh MM, Van Rooyen DM, et al. Roles of adipose restriction and metabolic factors in progression of steatosis to steatohepatitis in obese, diabetic mice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24(10): 1658-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05996.x] [PMID: 19788606]
[60]
Alkhatatbeh MJ, Enjeti AK, Acharya S, Thorne RF, Lincz LF. The origin of circulating CD36 in type 2 diabetes. Nutr Diabetes 2013; 3: e59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nutd.2013.1] [PMID: 23381664]
[61]
Smith GI, Shankaran M, Yoshino M, et al. Insulin resistance drives hepatic de novo lipogenesis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest 2020; 130(3): 1453-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI134165] [PMID: 31805015]
[62]
Paglialunga S, Dehn CA. Clinical assessment of hepatic de novo lipogenesis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15(1): 159.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12944-016-0321-5] [PMID: 27640119]
[63]
Eissing L, Scherer T, Tödter K, et al. De novo lipogenesis in human fat and liver is linked to ChREBP-β and metabolic health. Nat Commun 2013; 4: 1528.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2537] [PMID: 23443556]
[64]
Ferré P, Foufelle F. Hepatic steatosis: a role for de novo lipogenesis and the transcription factor SREBP-1c. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12(Suppl. 2): 83-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01275.x] [PMID: 21029304]
[65]
Wang Y, Viscarra J, Kim SJ, Sul HS. Transcriptional regulation of hepatic lipogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 16(11): 678-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm4074] [PMID: 26490400]
[66]
Shimano H, Horton JD, Shimomura I, Hammer RE, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Isoform 1c of sterol regulatory element binding protein is less active than isoform 1a in livers of transgenic mice and in cultured cells. J Clin Invest 1997; 99(5): 846-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI119248] [PMID: 9062341]
[67]
Yahagi N, Shimano H, Hasty AH, et al. Absence of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) ameliorates fatty livers but not obesity or insulin resistance in Lep(ob)/Lep(ob) mice. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(22): 19353-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M201584200] [PMID: 11923308]
[68]
Shimomura I, Bashmakov Y, Horton JD. Increased levels of nuclear SREBP-1c associated with fatty livers in two mouse models of diabetes mellitus. J Biol Chem 1999; 274(42): 30028-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.42.30028] [PMID: 10514488]
[69]
Sanders FW, Griffin JL. De novo lipogenesis in the liver in health and disease: more than just a shunting yard for glucose. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 91(2): 452-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12178] [PMID: 25740151]
[70]
Hodson L, Gunn PJ. The regulation of hepatic fatty acid synthesis and partitioning: the effect of nutritional state. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15(12): 689-700.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0256-9] [PMID: 31554932]
[71]
Horton JD, Shah NA, Warrington JA, et al. Combined analysis of oligonucleotide microarray data from transgenic and knockout mice identifies direct SREBP target genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100(21): 12027-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1534923100] [PMID: 14512514]
[72]
McGarry JD, Mannaerts GP, Foster DW. A possible role for malonyl-CoA in the regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. J Clin Invest 1977; 60(1): 265-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI108764] [PMID: 874089]
[73]
Huang YY, Gusdon AM, Qu S. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: molecular pathways and therapeutic strategies. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12: 171.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-12-171] [PMID: 24209497]
[74]
Kim T, He L, Johnson MS, et al. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b deficiency protects mice from diet-induced insulin resistance. J Diabetes Metab 2014; 5(4): 361.
[PMID: 25309812]
[75]
Conti R, Mannucci E, Pessotto P, et al. Selective reversible inhibition of liver carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 by teglicar reduces gluconeogenesis and improves glucose homeostasis. Diabetes 2011; 60(2): 644-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db10-0346] [PMID: 21270274]
[76]
Koliaki C, Szendroedi J, Kaul K, et al. Adaptation of hepatic mitochondrial function in humans with non-alcoholic fatty liver is lost in steatohepatitis. Cell Metab 2015; 21(5): 739-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.04.004] [PMID: 25955209]
[77]
Dentin R, Benhamed F, Hainault I, et al. Liver-specific inhibition of ChREBP improves hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in ob/ob mice. Diabetes 2006; 55(8): 2159-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db06-0200] [PMID: 16873678]
[78]
Kursawe R, Caprio S, Giannini C, et al. Decreased transcription of ChREBP-α/β isoforms in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese adolescents with prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes: associations with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Diabetes 2013; 62(3): 837-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db12-0889] [PMID: 23209190]
[79]
Uyeda K, Yamashita H, Kawaguchi T. Carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP): a key regulator of glucose metabolism and fat storage. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63(12): 2075-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(02)01012-2] [PMID: 12110366]
[80]
Yamashita H, Takenoshita M, Sakurai M, et al. A glucose-responsive transcription factor that regulates carbohydrate metabolism in the liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98(16): 9116-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.161284298] [PMID: 11470916]
[81]
Wang H, Chu W, Das SK, Ren Q, Hasstedt SJ, Elbein SC. Liver pyruvate kinase polymorphisms are associated with type 2 diabetes in northern European Caucasians. Diabetes 2002; 51(9): 2861-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.9.2861] [PMID: 12196482]
[82]
Matsuda T, Noguchi T, Takenaka M, Yamada K, Tanaka T. Regulation of L-type pyruvate kinase gene expression by dietary fructose in normal and diabetic rats. J Biochem 1990; 107(4): 655-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a123103] [PMID: 2193023]
[83]
Munnich A, Lyonnet S, Chauvet D, Van Schaftingen E, Kahn A. Differential effects of glucose and fructose on liver L-type pyruvate kinase gene expression in vivo. J Biol Chem 1987; 262(35): 17065-71.
[PMID: 2824512]
[84]
Dorn C, Riener MO, Kirovski G, et al. Expression of fatty acid synthase in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2010; 3(5): 505-14.
[PMID: 20606731]
[85]
Fonseca TL, Fernandes GW, McAninch EA, et al. Perinatal deiodinase 2 expression in hepatocytes defines epigenetic susceptibility to liver steatosis and obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2015; 112(45): 14018-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508943112] [PMID: 26508642]
[86]
Perfield JW II, Ortinau LC, Pickering RT, Ruebel ML, Meers GM, Rector RS. Altered hepatic lipid metabolism contributes to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in leptin-deficient Ob/Ob mice. J Obes 2013; 2013: 296537.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/296537] [PMID: 23401753]
[87]
Menendez JA, Vazquez-Martin A, Ortega FJ, Fernandez-Real JM. Fatty acid synthase: association with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. Clin Chem 2009; 55(3): 425-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.115352] [PMID: 19181734]
[88]
Peet DJ, Janowski BA, Mangelsdorf DJ. The LXRs: a new class of oxysterol receptors. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1998; 8(5): 571-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80013-0] [PMID: 9794827]
[89]
Repa JJ, Mangelsdorf DJ. The liver X receptor gene team: potential new players in atherosclerosis. Nat Med 2002; 8(11): 1243-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1102-1243] [PMID: 12411951]
[90]
Willy PJ, Umesono K, Ong ES, Evans RM, Heyman RA, Mangelsdorf DJ. LXR, a nuclear receptor that defines a distinct retinoid response pathway. Genes Dev 1995; 9(9): 1033-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.9.9.1033] [PMID: 7744246]
[91]
Peet DJ, Turley SD, Ma W, et al. Cholesterol and bile acid metabolism are impaired in mice lacking the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXR alpha. Cell 1998; 93(5): 693-704.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81432-4] [PMID: 9630215]
[92]
Moreau A, Téruel C, Beylot M, et al. A novel pregnane X receptor and S14-mediated lipogenic pathway in human hepatocyte. Hepatology 2009; 49(6): 2068-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.22907] [PMID: 19437491]
[93]
Ghoneim RH, Ngo Sock ET, Lavoie JM, Piquette-Miller M. Effect of a high-fat diet on the hepatic expression of nuclear receptors and their target genes: relevance to drug disposition. Br J Nutr 2015; 113(3): 507-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514003717] [PMID: 25612518]
[94]
Zhou J, Febbraio M, Wada T, et al. Hepatic fatty acid transporter Cd36 is a common target of LXR, PXR, and PPARgamma in promoting steatosis. Gastroenterology 2008; 134(2): 556-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.037] [PMID: 18242221]
[95]
Cao G, Liang Y, Broderick CL, et al. Antidiabetic action of a liver x receptor agonist mediated by inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278(2): 1131-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M210208200] [PMID: 12414791]
[96]
Alves-Bezerra M, Cohen DE. Triglyceride Metabolism in the Liver. Compr Physiol 2017; 8(1): 1-8.
[PMID: 29357123]
[97]
Mota M, Banini BA, Cazanave SC, Sanyal AJ. Molecular mechanisms of lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2016; 65(8): 1049-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2016.02.014] [PMID: 26997538]
[98]
Kawano Y, Cohen DE. Mechanisms of hepatic triglyceride accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48(4): 434-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00535-013-0758-5] [PMID: 23397118]
[99]
Cortés VA, Curtis DE, Sukumaran S, et al. Molecular mechanisms of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in the AGPAT2-deficient mouse model of congenital generalized lipodystrophy. Cell Metab 2009; 9(2): 165-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2009.01.002] [PMID: 19187773]
[100]
Thuresson ER. Inhibition of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase as a potential treatment for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2004; 5(4): 411-8.
[PMID: 15134282]
[101]
Kajimoto K, Suemitsu E, Sato Y, Sakurai Y, Harashima H. Liver-specific silencing of lipin1 reduces fat mass as well as hepatic triglyceride biosynthesis in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39(10): 1653-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b16-00353] [PMID: 27725442]
[102]
Bhatt-Wessel B, Jordan TW, Miller JH, Peng L. Role of DGAT enzymes in triacylglycerol metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 655: 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2018.08.001] [PMID: 30077544]
[103]
Choi CS, Savage DB, Kulkarni A, et al. Suppression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (DGAT2), but not DGAT1, with antisense oligonucleotides reverses diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. J Biol Chem 2007; 282(31): 22678-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M704213200] [PMID: 17526931]
[104]
Yu XX, Murray SF, Pandey SK, et al. Antisense oligonucleotide reduction of DGAT2 expression improves hepatic steatosis and hyperlipidemia in obese mice. Hepatology 2005; 42(2): 362-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.20783] [PMID: 16001399]
[105]
Yamaguchi K, Yang L, McCall S, et al. Inhibiting triglyceride synthesis improves hepatic steatosis but exacerbates liver damage and fibrosis in obese mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2007; 45(6): 1366-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.21655] [PMID: 17476695]
[106]
Subauste A, Burant CF. DGAT: novel therapeutic target for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 2003; 3(4): 263-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568008033340081] [PMID: 14683457]
[107]
Shelness GS, Sellers JA. Very-low-density lipoprotein assembly and secretion. Curr Opin Lipidol 2001; 12(2): 151-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00041433-200104000-00008] [PMID: 11264986]
[108]
Adiels M, Olofsson SO, Taskinen MR, Borén J. Overproduction of very low-density lipoproteins is the hallmark of the dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28(7): 1225-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.160192] [PMID: 18565848]
[109]
Haidari M, Leung N, Mahbub F, et al. Fasting and postprandial overproduction of intestinally derived lipoproteins in an animal model of insulin resistance. Evidence that chronic fructose feeding in the hamster is accompanied by enhanced intestinal de novo lipogenesis and ApoB48-containing lipoprotein overproduction. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(35): 31646-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M200544200] [PMID: 12070142]
[110]
Au WS, Kung HF, Lin MC. Regulation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene by insulin in HepG2 cells: roles of MAPKerk and MAPKp38. Diabetes 2003; 52(5): 1073-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.52.5.1073] [PMID: 12716735]
[111]
McGarry JD, Foster DW. Regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketone body production. Annu Rev Biochem 1980; 49: 395-420.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.002143] [PMID: 6157353]
[112]
Newman JC, Verdin E. Ketone bodies as signaling metabolites. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25(1): 42-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2013.09.002] [PMID: 24140022]
[113]
Puchalska P, Crawford PA. Multi-dimensional roles of ketone bodies in fuel metabolism, signaling, and therapeutics. Cell Metab 2017; 25(2): 262-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.12.022] [PMID: 28178565]
[114]
Laffel L. Ketone bodies: a review of physiology, pathophysiology and application of monitoring to diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 1999; 15(6): 412-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-7560(199911/12)15:6<412::AID-DMRR72>3.0.CO;2-8] [PMID: 10634967]
[115]
Owen OE, Trapp VE, Skutches CL, et al. Acetone metabolism during diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes 1982; 31(3): 242-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diab.31.3.242] [PMID: 6818074]
[116]
Tanda N, Hinokio Y, Washio J, Takahashi N, Koseki T, Eds. Breath acetone in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Tokyo: Springer Japan 2012.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54070-0_59]
[117]
Jain SK, Kannan K, Lim G. Ketosis (acetoacetate) can generate oxygen radicals and cause increased lipid peroxidation and growth inhibition in human endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 1998; 25(9): 1083-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00140-3] [PMID: 9870562]
[118]
Jain SK, McVie R, Jaramillo JJ, Chen Y. Hyperketonemia (acetoacetate) increases the oxidizability of LDL + VLDL in Type-I diabetic patients. Free Radic Biol Med 1998; 24(1): 175-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00213-X] [PMID: 9436628]
[119]
Huang LH, Melton EM, Li H, et al. Myeloid-specific Acat1 ablation attenuates inflammatory responses in macrophages, improves insulin sensitivity, and suppresses diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315(3): E340-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00174.2017] [PMID: 29533741]
[120]
Shibuya* HSaK. An ACAT-1Inhibitor, K-604, Ameliorates Hepatic Inflammation in NAFLD and NASH Models. J Gastroenterol Pancreatol Liver Disord 2016.
[121]
Serra D, Casals N, Asins G, Royo T, Ciudad CJ, Hegardt FG. Regulation of mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase protein by starvation, fat feeding, and diabetes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1993; 307(1): 40-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1993.1557] [PMID: 7902069]
[122]
Shukla SK, Liu W, Sikder K, et al. HMGCS2 is a key ketogenic enzyme potentially involved in type 1 diabetes with high cardiovascular risk. Sci Rep 2017; 7(1): 4590.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04469-z] [PMID: 28676675]
[123]
Geisler CE, Ghimire S, Bogan RL, Renquist BJ. Role of ketone signaling in the hepatic response to fasting. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316(5): G623-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00415.2017] [PMID: 30767679]
[124]
Otsuka H, Kimura T, Ago Y, et al. Deficiency of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH1) in mice causes low ketone body levels and fatty liver during fasting. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43(5): 960-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jimd.12243] [PMID: 32279332]
[125]
Gao Z, Yin J, Zhang J, et al. Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice. Diabetes 2009; 58(7): 1509-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db08-1637] [PMID: 19366864]
[126]
Bhaskara S, Knutson SK, Jiang G, et al. Hdac3 is essential for the maintenance of chromatin structure and genome stability. Cancer Cell 2010; 18(5): 436-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2010.10.022] [PMID: 21075309]
[127]
Knutson SK, Chyla BJ, Amann JM, Bhaskara S, Huppert SS, Hiebert SW. Liver-specific deletion of histone deacetylase 3 disrupts metabolic transcriptional networks. EMBO J 2008; 27(7): 1017-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2008.51] [PMID: 18354499]
[128]
Mihaylova MM, Vasquez DS, Ravnskjaer K, et al. Class IIa histone deacetylases are hormone-activated regulators of FOXO and mammalian glucose homeostasis. Cell 2011; 145(4): 607-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.043] [PMID: 21565617]
[129]
Galmozzi A, Mitro N, Ferrari A, et al. Inhibition of class I histone deacetylases unveils a mitochondrial signature and enhances oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Diabetes 2013; 62(3): 732-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db12-0548] [PMID: 23069623]
[130]
Giacco F, Brownlee M. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ Res 2010; 107(9): 1058-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223545] [PMID: 21030723]
[131]
Shimazu T, Hirschey MD, Newman J, et al. Suppression of oxidative stress by β-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous histone deacetylase inhibitor. Science 2013; 339(6116): 211-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1227166] [PMID: 23223453]
[132]
Advani A, Huang Q, Thai K, et al. Long-term administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat attenuates renal injury in experimental diabetes through an endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent mechanism. Am J Pathol 2011; 178(5): 2205-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.01.044] [PMID: 21514434]
[133]
Regnell SE, Lernmark Å. Hepatic steatosis in type 1 diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud 2011; 8(4): 454-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2011.8.454] [PMID: 22580727]
[134]
Bank IM, Shemie SD, Rosenblatt B, Bernard C, Mackie AS. Sudden cardiac death in association with the ketogenic diet. Pediatr Neurol 2008; 39(6): 429-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.08.013] [PMID: 19027591]
[135]
Bai F, Jiang FF, Lu JJ, et al. The impact of hyperglycemic emergencies on the kidney and liver. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013: 967097.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/967097] [PMID: 24282823]
[136]
Garcia E, Shalaurova I, Matyus SP, et al. Ketone bodies are mildly elevated in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and are inversely associated with insulin resistance as measured by the lipoprotein insulin resistance index. J Clin Med 2020; 9(2): E321.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020321] [PMID: 31979327]
[137]
Lu H, Hu F, Zeng Y, et al. Ketosis onset type 2 diabetes had better islet β-cell function and more serious insulin resistance. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014: 510643.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/510643] [PMID: 24829925]
[138]
Garbow JR, Doherty JM, Schugar RC, et al. Hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and ER stress in mice maintained long term on a very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300(6): G956-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00539.2010] [PMID: 21454445]
[139]
Schugar RC, Crawford PA. Low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets, glucose homeostasis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2012; 15(4): 374-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283547157] [PMID: 22617564]
[140]
Williamson JR, Wright PH, Malaisse WJ, Ashmore J. Control of gluconeogenesis by acetyl CoA in rats treated with glucagon and anti-insulin serum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1966; 24(5): 765-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(66)90391-3] [PMID: 5970510]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version1.67sRequest Duration28MBMemory UsageGET article/{article_id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[09:51:37] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $article_id declared before required parameter $request i...
  • warninglog[09:51:39] LOG.warning: Function strftime() is deprecated in /home/alphaeurekaselec/public_html/stor...
  • warninglog[09:51:39] LOG.warning: trim(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated ...
  • warninglog[09:51:39] LOG.warning: Function strftime() is deprecated in /home/alphaeurekaselec/public_html/stor...
  • Booting (94.21ms)time
  • Application (1.57s)time
  • 1 x Application (94.36%)
    1.57s
    1 x Booting (5.64%)
    94.21ms
    14 templates were rendered
    • articlearticle.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.article_top_bannerarticle_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.article_referencearticle_reference.blade.php#?blade
    • export_citation_formexport_citation_form.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.article_bottom_bannerarticle_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.journal_rightmenujournal_rightmenu.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.journal_right_bannerjournal_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET article/{article_id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ArticleController@GetArticleDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    article
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:1974-2510
    37 statements were executed, 4 of which were duplicates, 33 unique. Show only duplicated1.49s
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('316316526','',1,1739958697,1739958697) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1739958697
      1.1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('316316526','/article/111139',1,1739958697,1739958697)
      1.16msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316316526 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316316526) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316316526 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316316526) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 316316526 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316316526) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316316526 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316316526) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316316526 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316316526) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 316316526 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316316526) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316316526 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316316526) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316316526 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316316526) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 316316526 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316316526) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316316526 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316316526) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316316526 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316316526) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 316316526 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316316526) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316316526 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316316526) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316316526 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316316526) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 316316526 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316316526) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316316526 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316316526) limit 1
      13.99msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 316316526
      • 1: 316316526
      • 2: 316316526
      • 3: 316316526
      • 4: 316316526
      • 5: 316316526
      • 6: 316316526
      • 7: 316316526
      • 8: 316316526
      • 9: 316316526
      • 10: 316316526
      • 11: 316316526
      • 12: 316316526
      • 13: 316316526
      • 14: 316316526
      • 15: 316316526
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • SELECT at.type_name, p.copyright, p.publisher_location,m.month,y.year, a.publish_on, a.nid article_nid,a.article_id, a.pmid, a.issue_id, a.title, a.abstract,a.podcast,a.altmetric_score,a.altmetric_url,a.kudos_url, a.page_count, a.first_page, a.elocator, a.last_page, i.publication_date, a.file_name, a.file_path, a.doi, a.is_epub,a.epub_type, a.volume_id, a.is_uploaded, a.editor_choice, a.is_epub, j.image_file_name, a.article_no, a.art_type AS article_type, a.supplementary_filename,a.html_filename,a.prc_filename,a.epub_filename, a.graph_abs_lg_filename, a.graph_abs_sm_filename, a.oa_image_lg_filename, a.oa_image_sm_filename, j.journal_banner,a.animated_abstract,a.erratum_in,a.erratum_for, (CASE WHEN a.issue_id =0 THEN j.epub_price ELSE j.price END) AS sell_price, j.epub_price, j.nid AS jour_nid, j.title AS journal_title, j.issn, j.eissn,j.journal_id, j.subtitle AS jour_subtitle, v.volume_id,v.volume_name AS volume, v.year_id, i.title AS issue, i.month_id ,i.type issue_type, j.subtitle,j.formerly_title, ac.subtitle AS epub_title,a.crossmark_enabled,a.text_mining_urls,a.license_urls,a.created, a.receivedate, a.revisedate, a.acceptdate,js.js_title FROM article a LEFT JOIN article_section ac ON a.is_epub = ac.art_sec_id LEFT JOIN journal_section js ON a.js_id = js.js_id LEFT JOIN article_type at ON a.art_type = at.art_type_id LEFT JOIN issue i ON a.issue_id = i.issue_id LEFT JOIN month m ON m.id = i.month_id LEFT JOIN volume v ON v.volume_id = a.volume_id INNER JOIN year y ON y.id = v.year_id INNER JOIN journal j ON j.journal_id = a.journal_id INNER JOIN publisher p ON p.publisher_id = j.publisher_id WHERE a.article_id=111139
      710μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#408
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:408
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2515
      • 13. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select * from `journal` where `journal_id` = 10 limit 1
      820μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Journal.php#64
      Bindings
      • 0: 10
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Journal.php:64
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2516
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select count(*) as aggregate from (select j.nid as journal_nid,j.flyer_link,j.title ,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword, j.journal_id as journal_id, j.subtitle, j.image_file_name,j.description,j.journal_insight_url,j.doi from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where j.journal_status=1 and subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=10) and sj.journal_id!=10 group by `j`.`nid`) as `aggregate_table`
      1.47msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#200
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:200
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2517
      • 18. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select j.nid as journal_nid,j.flyer_link,j.title ,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword, j.journal_id as journal_id, j.subtitle, j.image_file_name,j.description,j.journal_insight_url,j.doi from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where j.journal_status=1 and subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=10) and sj.journal_id!=10 group by `j`.`nid` order by `j`.`journal_id` asc limit 10 offset 0
      1.03msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#200
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:200
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2517
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select count(*) as aggregate from (select v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `v`.`year_id` where subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=10) and v.ebook_status='1' and y.year > 2020 group by `v`.`nid`) as `aggregate_table`
      1.11salphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#220
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:220
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2518
      • 18. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `v`.`year_id` where subject_id IN (SELECT subject_id FROM subject_journal WHERE journal_id=10) and v.ebook_status='1' and y.year > 2020 group by `v`.`nid` order by `v`.`ebook_volume_id` desc limit 10 offset 0
      111msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#220
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:220
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2518
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select * from `keywords` where `article_id` = '111139'
      890μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Keywords.php#43
      Bindings
      • 0: 111139
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Keywords.php:43
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2519
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select * from `article_citation` where `article_id` = '111139'
      5.64msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1570
      Bindings
      • 0: 111139
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:1570
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2520
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`article_id` = '111139' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      2.86msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 111139
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2533
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select `bo`.* from `bundle_offer` as `bo` where `bo`.`bundle_status` = 'A' order by `bo`.`bundle_id` desc
      270μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022BundleOffer.php#57
      Bindings
      • 0: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/BundleOffer.php:57
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2535
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select `subtitle` from `journal` where `continues_publication_journal` = 1
      520μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1960
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:1960
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2062
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • Select j.subtitle, v.volume_id as volume_id,v.year_id,y.year as year,v.volume_name, v.total_no_of_issues, i.issue_id as issue_id,i.title as issue, i.publication_date as issue_pub_date from journal j join volume v on j.journal_id = v.journal_id join issue i on v.volume_id = i.volume_id join article a on a.issue_id = i.issue_id join year y on v.year_id = y.id where j.journal_id = 10 and i.is_uploaded = 1 order by v.volume_name+0 desc, i.title+0 desc limit 1
      40.72msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Issue.php#298
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Issue.php:298
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2068
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid,a.publish_on, a.pmid,a.article_id,a.doi,j.journal_id,j.subtitle,v.volume_name,a.volume_id as volume_id, a.issue_id,a.title,first_page, last_page, page_count,abstract,ifnull(is_abstract,"y"),asec.title as article_section,at.type_name as article_type_name, a.article_id as ArticleID ,is_epub,epub_price,epub_type,a.created, y.year from `article` as `a` left join `article_section` as `asec` on `asec`.`art_sec_id` = `a`.`is_epub` left join `article_type` as `at` on `at`.`art_type_id` = `a`.`art_type` left join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `a`.`journal_id` inner join `volume` as `v` on `a`.`volume_id` = `v`.`volume_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `v`.`year_id` = `y`.`id` where a.article_status != "W" and a.is_epub = 1 and a.journal_id = 10 and a.is_uploaded = 1 group by `a`.`article_id` order by `a`.`publish_on` desc
      25.58msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#528
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:528
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2070
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid,a.publish_on, a.pmid,a.article_id,a.doi,j.journal_id,j.subtitle,v.volume_name,a.volume_id as volume_id, a.issue_id,a.title,first_page, last_page, page_count,abstract,ifnull(is_abstract,"y"),asec.title as article_section,at.type_name as article_type_name, a.article_id as ArticleID ,is_epub,epub_price,epub_type,a.created, y.year from `article` as `a` left join `article_section` as `asec` on `asec`.`art_sec_id` = `a`.`is_epub` left join `article_type` as `at` on `at`.`art_type_id` = `a`.`art_type` left join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `a`.`journal_id` inner join `volume` as `v` on `a`.`volume_id` = `v`.`volume_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `v`.`year_id` = `y`.`id` where a.article_status != "W" and a.is_epub = 4 and a.journal_id = 10 and a.is_uploaded = 1 group by `a`.`article_id` order by `a`.`publish_on` desc
      11.83msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#528
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:528
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2071
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select pdf, html, epub, prc from `article_metrics` where `article_id` = 111139 limit 1
      350μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#744
      Bindings
      • 0: 111139
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:744
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2091
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from content_by_diseases where content_id = 111139 and content_type = 'article' order by status desc limit 1
      2.32msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#751
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:751
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2094
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid article_nid,a.title article_title,j.title journal_title from content_by_diseases cd inner join article a on a.article_id=cd.content_id inner join journal j on j.journal_id=a.journal_id where cd.pid = 283 and cd.sub_disease_id = 591 and content_id!=111139 and cd.content_type = 'article' order by rand() limit 20
      122msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#769
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:769
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2098
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `node_meta` where `nid` = 187539 limit 1
      300μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Meta.php#30
      Bindings
      • 0: 187539
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Meta.php:30
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2101
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `bo`.* from `bundle_offer` as `bo` where `bo`.`bundle_status` = 'A' order by `bo`.`bundle_id` desc
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022BundleOffer.php#57
      Bindings
      • 0: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/BundleOffer.php:57
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2108
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `tbl_ht_submission` as `h` where `h`.`subtitle` = 'CDR' and (h.proposal_closing_date = 0 OR TO_DAYS(FROM_UNIXTIME(h.proposal_closing_date)) >= TO_DAYS(NOW())) order by `h`.`manuscript` asc
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#2025
      Bindings
      • 0: CDR
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:2025
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2112
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '111139' and content_type = 'a' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      380μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2186
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '10816' and content_type = 'i' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      300μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2207
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '2928' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      350μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2231
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739958699 and j.to_date >= 1739958699 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2928) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739958699 and j.to_date >= 1739958699 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2928) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739958699 and j.to_date >= 1739958699 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2928)
      25.75msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2272
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739958699 and j.to_date >= 1739958699 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 10816) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739958699 and j.to_date >= 1739958699 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 10816) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739958699 and j.to_date >= 1739958699 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 10816)
      900μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2297
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739958699 and j.to_date >= 1739958699 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 111139) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739958699 and j.to_date >= 1739958699 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 111139) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316316526 and j.to_ip >=316316526 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739958699 and j.to_date >= 1739958699 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 111139)
      760μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2329
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `article` where `first_page` < '7' and is_uploaded = 1 and issue_id = 10816 order by cast(first_page as SIGNED) desc limit 1
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1819
      Bindings
      • 0: 7
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:1819
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2470
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `article` where `last_page` > '18' and is_uploaded = 1 and issue_id = 10816 order by cast(first_page as SIGNED) asc limit 1
      460μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1831
      Bindings
      • 0: 18
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:1831
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2472
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `language_id` from `multilanguage` where `short_code` = 'en'
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ArticleController.php#2497
      Bindings
      • 0: en
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2497
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select `source_lang_label`, `target_lang_label` from `multilanguage_labels` where `target_lang_id` = 1
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022MultiLanguage.php#23
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/MultiLanguage.php:23
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2498
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `id` from `multilanguage_article` where `article_id` = 111139 limit 1
      2.4msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ArticleController.php#2506
      Bindings
      • 0: 111139
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2506
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `bd`.`content_id` where `b`.`banner_journal` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'J' and `bd`.`content_id` = 10 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739958699 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739958699 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.13msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: J
      • 2: 10
      • 3: 1739958699
      • 4: 1739958699
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `bd`.`content_id` where `b`.`banner_journal` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'J' and `bd`.`content_id` = 10 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739958699 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739958699 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.08msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: J
      • 2: 10
      • 3: 1739958699
      • 4: 1739958699
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='acbb39b4ed197d4d0c7549e6767d2567'
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\MultiLanguage
    1MultiLanguage.php#?
        _token
        CwVT2kWmPc9wKOS1Vlen5qnBlbT92Xu7pGcDQx9M
        uc_cart_id
        acbb39b4ed197d4d0c7549e6767d2567
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/article/111139" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /article/111139
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:8 [ "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "keep-alive" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 19 Feb 2025 09:51:39 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik9Fc2NEU042U3VWeGNmQ3p2RnJTenc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiamtTM1FnaFBaQTk3a0QxMVNqOG5tcXAvOGJmaUxSSzlIaHZXeVhheUZRQStVTHRUa2srajVmZlF4eXU0dE44Zmo5T09jVTk1VUYzdENpR2srV0xNWE5FendEQ04xQ3hmR0psR2NKakhQYWJTQkhneFBOUXpncTd6UWFJeGlnd3IiLCJtYWMiOiJjOWExM2QzM2YxOTFjYzhmZTUwNjRiMzUyNDU3MzcyOGY5M2ZlMGZmNDZkZDQzOWIyZmFlYmQ3ZDZjNWYzZDc2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 21 Feb 2025 21:51:39 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik9Fc2NEU042U3VWeGNmQ3p2RnJTenc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiamtTM1FnaFBaQTk3a0QxMVNqOG5tcXAvOGJmaUxSSzlIaHZXeVhheUZRQStVTHRUa2srajVmZlF4eXU0dE44Zmo5T09jV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlNSWExnY1BjVHJZWDgxZXRLU05XdkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOHljeVNDVFFndmpaOVF6ZVVHUklFeFJRREFxcTN1c1NTRlU2VlRiUXUwUWEvWHhxa2RQdXB3eGpoV2ZDVUFOQ3RaQ2FOV2QyQSsvR3BZWFFVZ2tlaENvK2lpQTgzUmI1UTdRMHN2bEZFb3E3SWNqRnhjYnUrYmVpOGVZNkh0U3IiLCJtYWMiOiI4MmFkYTViM2I4MTMwNTc4MmY2Yzc2NzBmNmIzZTk4ZDQ4MjFkOTk3YTU2Yjc5MTdlYWYxYmI0MWRmMjUzNDcxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlNSWExnY1BjVHJZWDgxZXRLU05XdkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOHljeVNDVFFndmpaOVF6ZVVHUklFeFJRREFxcTN1c1NTRlU2VlRiUXUwUWEvWHhxa2RQdXB3eGp" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik9Fc2NEU042U3VWeGNmQ3p2RnJTenc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiamtTM1FnaFBaQTk3a0QxMVNqOG5tcXAvOGJmaUxSSzlIaHZXeVhheUZRQStVTHRUa2srajVmZlF4eXU0dE44Zmo5T09jVTk1VUYzdENpR2srV0xNWE5FendEQ04xQ3hmR0psR2NKakhQYWJTQkhneFBOUXpncTd6UWFJeGlnd3IiLCJtYWMiOiJjOWExM2QzM2YxOTFjYzhmZTUwNjRiMzUyNDU3MzcyOGY5M2ZlMGZmNDZkZDQzOWIyZmFlYmQ3ZDZjNWYzZDc2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 21-Feb-2025 21:51:39 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik9Fc2NEU042U3VWeGNmQ3p2RnJTenc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiamtTM1FnaFBaQTk3a0QxMVNqOG5tcXAvOGJmaUxSSzlIaHZXeVhheUZRQStVTHRUa2srajVmZlF4eXU0dE44Zmo5T09jV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlNSWExnY1BjVHJZWDgxZXRLU05XdkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOHljeVNDVFFndmpaOVF6ZVVHUklFeFJRREFxcTN1c1NTRlU2VlRiUXUwUWEvWHhxa2RQdXB3eGpoV2ZDVUFOQ3RaQ2FOV2QyQSsvR3BZWFFVZ2tlaENvK2lpQTgzUmI1UTdRMHN2bEZFb3E3SWNqRnhjYnUrYmVpOGVZNkh0U3IiLCJtYWMiOiI4MmFkYTViM2I4MTMwNTc4MmY2Yzc2NzBmNmIzZTk4ZDQ4MjFkOTk3YTU2Yjc5MTdlYWYxYmI0MWRmMjUzNDcxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlNSWExnY1BjVHJZWDgxZXRLU05XdkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOHljeVNDVFFndmpaOVF6ZVVHUklFeFJRREFxcTN1c1NTRlU2VlRiUXUwUWEvWHhxa2RQdXB3eGp" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "CwVT2kWmPc9wKOS1Vlen5qnBlbT92Xu7pGcDQx9M" "uc_cart_id" => "acbb39b4ed197d4d0c7549e6767d2567" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "http://alpha.eurekaselect.com/article/111139" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 09:51:39GET/article/111139414371