Abstract
Background: In Algerian traditional medicine, Centaurea species are well known in traditherapy. Centaurea africana has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of several inflammatory disorders.
Objective: This study aims to examine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative potential of both n-Butanol (BECA) and ethyl acetate (EAECA) extracts of Centaurea africana.
Methods: The phytochemical analysis of both BECA and EAECA were explored and the antioxidant activities were investigated by measuring the DPPH° scavenging effect, the reducing power and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation (LPO) induced by by Fe2+/ ascorbic acid system. The antiinflammatory properties were determined by measuring the NO° scavenging effect and by using carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema. The antiproliferative activity was studied on HT29 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma), OV2008 (human ovarian cancer) and C6 (Rattus norvegicus brain glioma) cell lines using the Sulforhodamine B assay.
Results: The total polyphenol contents (TPC) of EAECA and BECA are recorded at 125.24±10.14 and 53.03±2.50 mgGAE/g extract, respectively. Both extracts revealed the antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner; this effect is more pronounced with EAECA. The BECA exhibited a higher anti-inflammatory activity. This anti-inflammatory activity was reflected in a reduction of swelling of carrageenan-evoked edemas (48.45 %), inhibition of nitric oxide (84.7 %), effective decrease in myeloperoxidase activity (58.82 %) and malondialdehyde level (65.58 %). The cytotoxic effect of BECA was found to be more pronounced against C6 cell lines (IC50 value: 131.93 μg/mL) while the cytotoxic activity of EAECA was more effective against HT29 and OV2008 cell lines.
Conclusion: The obtained results indicated that EAECA exhibited a high antioxidant activity, while BECA has significant anti-inflammatory activity. Both extracts showed cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines at certain concentrations in a cell-specific manner.
Keywords: Centaurea africana, phenolic content, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antiproliferative activity, flavonoids, oxidative stress.
Graphical Abstract
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.104709] [PMID: 23378939]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2000000200004] [PMID: 10657057]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.017] [PMID: 22858365]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12937-016-0186-5] [PMID: 27456681]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9821.1000293]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10715762.2019.1612059] [PMID: 31039624]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.23208] [PMID: 29467962]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/niox.2001.0410] [PMID: 12009843]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10715760000300301] [PMID: 10741851]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00976] [PMID: 30245627]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijpapr.v9i1.8031]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21010/ajtcam.v13i6.19] [PMID: 28480370]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-006-0228-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2009.03.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i1.15436]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.024]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89778-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb12020.x] [PMID: 4398119]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3] [PMID: 36810]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(94)34117-6] [PMID: 7808320]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-500X.72351] [PMID: 21350617]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.113532] [PMID: 23901165]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12506462] [PMID: 6276474]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.179] [PMID: 17406391]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.13.1107] [PMID: 2359136]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200802437073]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.06.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401313666161125144545]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8110560] [PMID: 31731784]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.02.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C581] [PMID: 25183137]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1445] [PMID: 15174007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0896(03)00232-3] [PMID: 12788341]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1000500511] [PMID: 20521537]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.08.016] [PMID: 20804828]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-0412.1000180]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2012.2421]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS0903447G]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.589279]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573407214666180820151905]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2017.71122]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574888X11666161102092319] [PMID: 27809745]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201920180462] [PMID: 31553365]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1715397] [PMID: 31971020]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.75456] [PMID: 21713140]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2018.1495748] [PMID: 30301390]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507876203] [PMID: 18081942]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(95)00148-S] [PMID: 7646536]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311401] [PMID: 29700084]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4838413] [PMID: 30073041]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.08.017] [PMID: 19703541]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(93)90062-A] [PMID: 8145569]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2097] [PMID: 17245684]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2013.868493] [PMID: 24405079]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v8i3.44532]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.03.009] [PMID: 17418988]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05982] [PMID: 30575383]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2006.12.028] [PMID: 17250812]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i4.17528]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2005.08.005] [PMID: 16233959]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/or.19.4.897] [PMID: 18357373]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1100600202] [PMID: 21425665]