Nanotherapeutics as Antibacterial and Antiviral Agents: Approach beyond Antibiotics

The field of nanotherapeutics has evolved over the last few decades, and the scientific community has become increasingly interested in exploring and developing versatile biomaterial nanosystems for clinical medicine. Antimicrobials, despite their many advances, have been plagued by an ever-growing problem of antimicrobial resistance. This threat has been labeled the “post-antibiotic era” by the WHO and other organizations. Nanoparticles (NPs)-based therapeutics have recently emerged as new tools for combating deadly bacterial infections. Traditional antimicrobials face challenges, such as antibiotic resistance, which nanoparticle-based strategies can overcome. This chapter discusses various nanotherapeutics and their essential roles in antimicrobial therapy. This book chapter delves into the burgeoning field of nanotherapeutics, focusing on their potential as innovative solutions to combat bacterial and viral infections. With the escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance and the ongoing challenge of emerging viral pathogens, traditional treatment modalities are increasingly inadequate. Nanotechnology offers a promising avenue for the development of novel antibacterial and antiviral agents, presenting unique advantages such as enhanced drug delivery, improved bioavailability, and targeted action. The chapter provides an overview of the mechanisms by which nanotherapeutics exert their antimicrobial effects, including direct disruption of bacterial and viral structures, inhibition of essential cellular processes, and modulation of host immune responses. Various types of nanoparticles, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and metallic nanoparticles, are explored for their ability to encapsulate and deliver antimicrobial agents to target sites with precision. Furthermore, the chapter discusses the potential applications of nanotherapeutics in addressing key challenges associated with conventional antibiotics and antiviral drugs, including drug resistance, adverse effects, and limited efficacy. By leveraging the unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, researchers aim to develop therapeutic strategies that minimize off-target effects, reduce the likelihood of resistance development, and enhance patient outcomes. Despite the promising advancements in nanotherapeutics, several hurdles remain on the path to clinical translation, including standardization of manufacturing processes, evaluation of safety profiles, and regulatory approval. The chapter underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration among scientists, clinicians, and regulatory agencies to overcome these challenges and realize the full potential of nanotherapeutics in clinical practice.