Toxicity of Graphene Family and Remediation Approaches

 Graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs) appeared to be extensively exploited in numerous diverse fields predominantly in the biomedical sector, owing to distinctive physical, chemical as well as biological/biocompatible characteristics. With the expanding uses, individuals are now exposed to GFNs more often and through a variety of different routes. Upon exposure, these materials exhibit varying amounts of toxicity in biological systems used for toxicological examinations. Administration by various routes leads to penetration by breaching physical barriers and eventually gets disseminated in various tissues or may accumulate in the cells, and subsequently may get eliminated from the body. The present chapter provides information about the toxic effect of the GFNs in several organs encompassing studies in various animals and cell lines. Different factors including lateral size, functionality, concentration as well as protein corona formation, etc. influencing the toxicity status of the GFNs have been elaborated. Furthermore, some representative toxicity mechanisms include mitochondrial as well as DNA impairment, and oxidative damage to name a few. At last, we have provided toxicity remediation approaches for GFNs.