Strategies for Synthesizing Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and the Challenges

The development of nanoscience and nanotechnology has improved our quality of life. The new class of materials known as nanoparticles (NPs) contributes to the development of nanotechnology. For the NPs, at least one dimension of particles should be 1 to 100 nm. The synthesis approaches can modify NPs structure and size, which is crucial in molecular biology, physics, chemistry, medicine, and material science. The high surface area of NPs can be achieved via synthesis approaches, providing increased value and imperative parameters like surface reactivity. Several approaches to synthesizing NPs can be used, mainly categorized into two parts: bottom-up and top-down. These two categories are classified based on the starting materials used to synthesize the NPs. This review discussed the brief of synthesis approaches and their utilization in the field of nanotechnology and nanoscience. The novel approach to the synthesis of NPs i.e., the electrochemical discharge process, is discussed in detail. The materials synthesis like ZnO, carbon, graphene, and other metal oxide and their composite are discussed in tabular form. Finally, the challenges, advantages, disadvantages, conclusions and NPs synthesis are discussed.