Fundamentals of Nanotechnology

Nanomaterials, a category of materials with a dimension in the nanometric range (1 nm-100 nm), were first recognized in 1959. They have unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, with nanoparticle size affecting properties like melting temperature, ionization potential, colour, electron affinity, electrical conductivity, and magnetism which is different from their bulk material. Nanotechnology improves biomarker development and aids in developing more sensitive treatments in medicine using nanodevices which enhances drug discovery by improving the understanding of biological processes, disease mechanisms, and signalling pathways. This chapter provides an overview of nanomaterials and examines their distinct properties. The key top-down and bottom-up methods for synthesizing nanomaterials are also explained along with specific examples. The chapter will also include a summary of several nanoparticle characterization methods and the attributes associated with each method. In addition, comprehensive information about advanced devices that have been inspired by nanotechnology to increase the efficiency of the drug development process through a better understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying diseases, signalling pathways, and the precise effects of medications have also been discussed. The chapter will conclude by outlining the advantages and challenges of using nanotechnology in drug development and treatment.