Recent Advances in the Application of Nano-Biosensor in Tissue Engineering

Nanotechnology has a profound influence on environmental research, infrastructure, energy, food standards, information technology, and medicine. In biomedicine, nanotechnology primarily aims to provide solutions for preventive care, diagnosis, and therapy. Biosensors have significantly revolutionized the medical sector by offering on-site diagnostic capabilities. Since 1962, the combination of biosensors with nanotechnology has made a significant contribution to therapeutics and tissue engineering. Biosensors are diagnostic devices that monitor biochemical interactions and translate them into measurable electrical, optical, or mechanical signals. The tissue-engineered technology has gained popularity in the postmodern era to confront the shortcomings of biomedical applications, graft rejection, challenges in the recuperation of functional tissue, and specificities in the tissue regeneration site. The multitude of techniques for evaluating cell counts, growth, metabolic activity, and viability across the scaffolding of regenerated organs is reportedly labor-intensive and time-consuming. Biosensors have been rapidly advancing and influencing the field of tissue engineering in the last several decades. Recent developments in nanomedicine and biomaterial science have enabled them to overcome long-standing challenges. Biosensors used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM), unlike the other biological systems, must comply with the requirements mentioned above: (i) biocompatible, causing no or little response to foreign materials; (ii) non-invasive while probing the whole three-dimensional structure for targeted biomarkers; and (iii) should offer long-term monitoring (days to weeks). This chapter offers a comprehensive set of biosensors as well as their implementations in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). This chapter reviews current breakthroughs in nanobiosensors, their implementations in tissue engineering, and their promise for diagnostic purposes.