Graphene-Based Nanomaterials and Their Sensing Application

Carbon-based materials (CBMs) like graphene, hybrid graphene compounds (HCOGs), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), as well as their derivatives like graphane, graphone, graphyne, graphdiyne, and fluorographene, are the direct descendants of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs). GBNs are graphene derivatives with single and multilayered graphene products. Their doped versions have marked remarkable significance over the past decade in scientific fields for applications due to their physical as well as their chemical properties. Graphene has emerged as a promising application for sensing, gas separation, water purification, biotechnology, disease diagnosis, bioengineering, and biomedicine. Graphene nanomaterials also play an important role in surface engineering (bioconjugation), improving their performance in vitro/in vivo stability and elevating the functionality of graphene-based nanomaterials, which can enable single/multimodality image optical imaging, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and therapy photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and drug/ gene delivery in cancer. Graphene nanoparticles have the natural fluorescence properties of graphene, which helps to bioimage cancer cells. They are perspective drug carriers appropriate for their target selectivity, easy chemosensitization, functionalization, and excellent drug-loading capacity. Iron-based graphene composites are with other companionable materials of exploration to make novel hybrid complexes with preferred uniqueness for biointerfacing.