Solar Electric Vehicle Charging and Grid Interaction: An Integrated Module

Electric mobility is one of the key technologies for the replacement of nonrenewable energy sources in the long term; creating new markets, opportunities, and new technologies, as the old energy order comes to an end with the evolution of new ones. With the passing of around two centuries, electric vehicle technology has developed to different levels across the globe. Norway has the highest percentage of electric vehicles, while China has the highest number of electric vehicles sold per year in the world. India is catching up with electric vehicle penetration. As per 2018 data, 49% of the total vehicles sold in Norway were electric. In 2019, China registered the maximum number of electric vehicles sold – 1.15 million vehicles. The key advantages of e-mobility are a reduction in GHG emissions, a reduction in the dependency on fossil fuels, higher efficiency compared to ICE vehicles, fewer noise emissions, and the flexibility of EVs becoming a platform for collaborative development of autonomous cars and shared mobility and MaaS. The key challenges are the total cost of ownership, charging infrastructure, reliance on the imported content and parts, customer acceptance of EVs, vehicle range anxiety and battery manufacturing, and availability of raw materials. This research investigates in detail the opportunities created by technologies such as solar-powered vehicle charging, the second life of traction battery, smart grid integration, connected and autonomous CAVE and vehicle light-weighting to enable e-mobility as a more commercial means of transportation.