摘要
背景：分析化学和生物技术作为一个跨学科的科学领域已经发展了很多年，并且正在经历着显著的发展，涵盖了广泛的微生物分离技术和方法，用于医疗治疗和诊断目的。目前，科学报告通过介绍电泳和免疫方法以及在食品保护（避免流行病学疾病）和医疗保健（医院安全保障）中应用的设备的形成做出了贡献。 方法：电泳法和核酸免疫法或特异性免疫法在近三十年来的分析进展中做出了巨大贡献，特别是在细菌、病毒和真菌鉴定方面，特别是在体外医学诊断以及环境或食品保护方面。 结果：本文介绍了这些方法与传统方法相比的病原体检测竞争力，传统方法费时费力。综述了近年来病原体分离检测方法的发展趋势及其在医学诊断中的应用。 讨论：第一部分，介绍了微生物的基本知识，介绍了微生物的特征：分类、大小、膜（细胞）成分。第二部分介绍了微生物分析中电泳程序的发展、新技术和实用的解决方案描述，特别关注血液、尿液、淋巴或废水等生物样品的分析。第三部分介绍了生物分子领域，这些领域为确定基于核酸和免疫学技术的进展、局限性和挑战奠定了基础，讨论了新分离技术在微生物选择性分级中的优势。
关键词: 微生物，电泳，核酸，免疫磁学技术，分离方法，微生物。
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