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Current Diabetes Reviews

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ISSN (Print): 1573-3998
ISSN (Online): 1875-6417

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Review Article

Interferon Upregulation Associates with Insulin Resistance in Humans

In Press, (this is not the final "Version of Record"). Available online 18 March, 2024
Author(s): Maria M. Adeva-Andany*, Natalia Carneiro-Freire, Elvira Castro-Quintela, Eva Ameneiros-Rodriguez, Lucia Adeva-Contreras and Carlos Fernandez-Fernandez
Published on: 18 March, 2024

Article ID: e180324228061

DOI: 10.2174/0115733998294022240309105112

Price: $95

Abstract

In humans, insulin resistance is a physiological response to infections developed to supply sufficient energy to the activated immune system. This metabolic adaptation facilitates the immune response but usually persists after the recovery period of the infection and predisposes the hosts to type 2 diabetes and vascular injury. In patients with diabetes, superimposed insulin resistance worsens metabolic control and promotes diabetic ketoacidosis. Pathogenic mechanisms underlying insulin resistance during microbial invasions remain to be fully defined. However, interferons cause insulin resistance in healthy subjects and other population groups, and their production is increased during infections, suggesting that this group of molecules may contribute to reduced insulin sensitivity. In agreement with this notion, gene expression profiles [transcriptomes] from patients with insulin resistance show a robust overexpression of interferon-stimulated genes [interferon signature]. In addition, serum levels of interferon and surrogates for interferon activity are elevated in patients with insulin resistance. Circulating levels of interferon-γ-inducible protein-10, neopterin, and apolipoprotein L1 correlate with insulin resistance manifestations, such as hypertriglyceridemia, reduced HDL-c, visceral fat, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance. Furthermore, interferon downregulation improves insulin resistance. Antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine reduce interferon production and improve insulin resistance, reducing the risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In addition, diverse clinical conditions that feature interferon upregulation are associated with insulin resistance, suggesting that interferon may be a common factor promoting this adaptive response. Among these conditions are systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, and infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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