Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Coronaviruses

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2666-7967
ISSN (Online): 2666-7975

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Recent Scenario of the Indian Healthcare System Post COVID-19 Emergence and in Severely ill Patients

Author(s): Sushant Mishra, Shushank Mahajan, Able Mogha, Abhinav Yadav, Wandeep Dagar, Isha Chawla* and Meenakshi Dhanawat*

Volume 5, Issue 3, 2024

Published on: 06 December, 2023

Article ID: e061223224240 Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/0126667975270646231127091030

Price: $65

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has brought fundamental changes to our priorities and problems, especially those related to the healthcare sector. The COVID-19 pandemic put even the world's most advanced healthcare systems to the test and India's healthcare system has been rattled as well. In this accordance, the Indian government has introduced many new policies and schemes like free vaccination drive, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and free COVID care under Ayushman Bharat. With the continuation of COVID-19, problems like Self-medication and hoarding of medicines among the common population keep on rising and this was due to flu-like symptoms of COVID-19, miss information on social media, or due to less or no interaction between patients and doctors as the population is now shifting to telemedicine which offers the benefit of consultation at their own home. These situations served as a boon to the Pharma sector as stocks of many pharma companies and industries have been reported to have increased in the past 2 years of the pandemic due to an increase in demand and manufacturing and consumption of pharmaceutical goods and also reportedly being increased by alot in coming years. However, this rapid growth of the pharmaceutical sector is beneficial for pharmacists, businessmen, and others who are directly or indirectly associated with the healthcare fraternity but in our opinion, it will negatively impact the Indian economy or can be viewed as a problem which can lead to the downfall of the qualitative aspect of the pharma sector in the long term.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Dubey AK, Tandon T, Dubey S, Arora E, Hasan M. Effects of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on medical advice seeking and medication practices of home-bound non-COVID patients. J Educ Health Promot 2021; 10(1): 28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_481_20] [PMID: 33688537]
[2]
Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Biomed 2020; 91(1): 157-60.
[PMID: 32191675]
[3]
Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8(5): 475-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5] [PMID: 32105632]
[4]
Tsamakis K, Rizos E, Manolis A, et al. [Comment] COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on mental health of healthcare professionals. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19(6): 3451-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8646] [PMID: 32346406]
[5]
Nayak J, Mishra M, Naik B, Swapnarekha H, Cengiz K, Shanmuganathan V. An impact study of COVID ‐19 on six different industries: Automobile, energy and power, agriculture, education, travel and tourism and consumer electronics. Expert Syst 2022; 39(3): e12677.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/exsy.12677] [PMID: 33821074]
[6]
Iyengar KP, Jain VK, Vaishya R. Current situation with doctors and healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic in India. Postgrad Med J 2022; 98(e2): e121-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138496] [PMID: 35232865]
[7]
India under COVID-19 lockdown. Lancet 2020; 395(10233): 1315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30938-7] [PMID: 32334687]
[8]
Dev SM, Sengupta R. COVID-19: Impact on the Indian economy. In: Mumbai: Indira Gandhi Institute of DevelopmentResearch 2020.
[9]
Nayak S, Thakur G, Shekokar N. Eds. Impact analysis of COVID-19 on various indian sectors.computational vision and bio-inspired computing. Singapore: Springer Singapore 2022.
[10]
Mistry L. India’s healthcare sector transformation in the post COVID-19 era. 2021.
[11]
Nimavat N, Hasan MM, Charmode S, et al. COVID-19 pandemic effects on the distribution of healthcare services in India: A systematic review. World Journal of Virology 2022 Jul 7; 11(4): 186.
[12]
Byatnal A. Devex. ‘No Light at the End of the Tunnel’ as India Battles Second Wave of COVID-19. Available from:https://www.devex.com/news/no-light-at-the-end-of-the-tunnel-as-india-battles-second-waveof-COVID-19-99719
[13]
Bhanot D, Singh T, Verma SK, Sharad S. Stigma and discrimination during COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health 2021; 8: 577018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.577018] [PMID: 33585379]
[14]
Goel I, Sharma S, Kashiramka S. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in India: An analysis of policy and technological interventions. Health Policy Technol 2021; 10(1): 151-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.12.001] [PMID: 33520638]
[15]
Upadhyaya A, Shukla G. THE impact of arogya setu app on common man’s health protection: using pls structural equation model. Int J Manag 2021; 12(10): 8-26. [IJM].
[16]
Dev M, Kumar D, Mor RS. Hospital selection under Insured Public Health Schemes in the multi-criteria group decision-making environment. Production Engineering Archives 2022; 28(1): 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2022.28.01]
[17]
Renukadevi R, Kumar SS. Applying juran trilogy in two years journey of ayushman bharat-PMJAY with a goal of universal health coverage in India. Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation32:3
[18]
Kumar VM, Pandi-Perumal SR, Trakht I, Thyagarajan SP. Strategy for COVID-19 vaccination in India: The country with the second highest population and number of cases. npj. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 6(1): 1-7.
[PMID: 35062662]
[19]
Mandal S, Arinaminpathy N, Bhargava B, Panda S. Responsive and agile vaccination strategies against COVID-19 in India. Lancet Glob Health 2021; 9(9): e1197-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00284-9] [PMID: 34217378]
[20]
Rackimuthu S, Hasan MM, Bardhan M, Essar MY. COVID-19 vaccination strategies and policies in India: The need for further re-evaluation is a pressing priority. Int J Health Plann Manage 2021; 37(3): 1847-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.3321] [PMID: 34510541]
[21]
Hughes CM, McElnay JC, Fleming GF. Benefits and risks of self medication. Drug Saf 2001; 24(14): 1027-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200124140-00002] [PMID: 11735659]
[22]
World Health O. The Role of the pharmacist in self-care and self-medication: report of the 4th WHO Consultative Group on the Role of the Pharmacist, The Hague, The Netherlands, 26-28 August 1998. In: Geneva: World Health Organization 1998.
[23]
Eticha T, Mesfin K. Self-medication practices in Mekelle, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2014; 9(5): e97464.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097464] [PMID: 24820769]
[24]
Shafaeei Y, Sharifirad G, Kamran A, Mohebi S. Associations between self-medication, health literacy, and self-perceived health status: A community-based study. Int J Prev Med 2015; 6(1): 66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2008-7802.161264] [PMID: 26288710]
[25]
Hussain R, Rashidian A, Hafeez A, Mirzaee N. Factors influencing healthcare-seeking behavior at the primary healthcare level, in Pakistan. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad: JAMC 2019; 31(2): 201-6.
[PMID: 31094117]
[26]
Wong LE, Hawkins JE, Langness S, Murrell KL, Iris P, Sammann A. Where are all the patients? Addressing COVID-19 fear to encourage sick patients to seek emergency care. NEJM Catal 2020.
[27]
Mudenda S. Letter to Editor: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Global Health Problem. In: International Journalof Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology . 2020.
[28]
Afridi MI, Rasool G, Tabassum R, Shaheen M, Siddiqullah , Shujauddin M. Prevalence and pattern of self-medication in Karachi: A community survey. Pak J Med Sci 2015; 31(5): 1241-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.315.8216] [PMID: 26649022]
[29]
Pascarella G, Strumia A, Piliego C, et al. COVID‐19 diagnosis and management: A comprehensive review. J Intern Med 2020; 288(2): 192-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joim.13091] [PMID: 32348588]
[30]
Cuan-Baltazar JY, Muñoz-Perez MJ, Robledo-Vega C, Pérez-Zepeda MF, Soto-Vega E. Misinformation of COVID-19 on the internet: Infodemiology study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2): e18444.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18444] [PMID: 32250960]
[31]
Onchonga D. A google trends study on the interest in self-medication during the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) disease pandemic. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28(7): 903-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.007] [PMID: 32641903]
[32]
Karalis V, Ismailos G, Karatza E. Chloroquine dosage regimens in patients with COVID-19: Safety risks and optimization using simulations. Saf Sci 2020; 129: 104842.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104842] [PMID: 32501367]
[33]
Al-Bari MAA. Chloroquine analogues in drug discovery: New directions of uses, mechanisms of actions and toxic manifestations from malaria to multifarious diseases. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70(6): 1608-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkv018] [PMID: 25693996]
[34]
Azami-Aghdash S, Mohseni M, Etemadi M, Royani S, Moosavi A, Nakhaee M. Prevalence and cause of self-medication in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis article. Iran J Public Health 2015; 44(12): 1580-93.
[35]
Malik M, Tahir MJ, Jabbar R, Ahmed A, Hussain R. Self-medication during COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and opportunities. Drugs Ther Perspect 2020; 36(12): 565-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40267-020-00785-z] [PMID: 33041621]
[36]
Mallhi TH, Khan YH, Alotaibi NH, et al. Drug repurposing for COVID-19: a potential threat of self-medication and controlling measures. Postgrad Med J 2021; 97(1153): 742-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138447] [PMID: 32848085]
[37]
Vestergaard AS, Hansen L, Sørensen SS, Jensen MB, Ehlers LH. Is telehealthcare for heart failure patients cost-effective? An economic evaluation alongside the Danish TeleCare North heart failure trial. BMJ Open 2020; 10(1): e031670.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031670] [PMID: 31992604]
[38]
Lee G, Twerenbold R, Tanglay Y, et al. Clinical benefit of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I in the detection of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Am Heart J 2016; 173: 8-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2015.11.010] [PMID: 26920591]
[39]
Martinson M, Bharmi R, Dalal N, Abraham WT, Adamson PB. Pulmonary artery pressure‐guided heart failure management: US cost‐effectiveness analyses using the results of the champion clinical trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2017; 19(5): 652-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.642] [PMID: 27647784]
[40]
Dendale P, De Keulenaer G, Troisfontaines P, et al. Effect of a telemonitoring‐facilitated collaboration between general practitioner and heart failure clinic on mortality and rehospitalization rates in severe heart failure: the TEMA‐HF 1 (TElemonitoring in the MAnagement of Heart Failure) study. Eur J Heart Fail 2012; 14(3): 333-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfr144] [PMID: 22045925]
[41]
Mabuka T, Craig J, Schueller E, Yiga T. Assessing the Accuracy of Early COVID-19 Case and Fatality Model Projections in Africa.
[42]
Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol 2020; 5(7): 811-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017] [PMID: 32219356]
[43]
Alvarez-Garcia J, Lee S, Gupta A, et al. Prognostic impact of prior heart failure in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 76(20): 2334-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.549] [PMID: 33129663]
[44]
Rey JR, Caro-Codón J, Rosillo SO, et al. Heart failure in COVID‐19 patients: Prevalence, incidence and prognostic implications. Eur J Heart Fail 2020; 22(12): 2205-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1990] [PMID: 32833283]
[45]
Sokolski M, Trenson S, Sokolska JM, et al. Heart failure in COVID‐19: The multicentre, multinational PCHF‐COVICAV registry. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 8(6): 4955-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13549] [PMID: 34533287]
[46]
Oseran AS, Afari ME, Barrett CD, Lewis GD, Thomas SS. Beyond the stethoscope: Managing ambulatory heart failure during the COVID‐19 pandemic. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 8(2): 999-1006.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13201] [PMID: 33506638]
[47]
Zhang Y, Coats AJS, Zheng Z, et al. Management of heart failure patients with COVID ‐19: a joint position paper of the chinese heart failure association & national heart failure committee and the heart failure association of the european society of cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2020; 22(6): 941-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1915] [PMID: 32463543]
[48]
Palazzuoli A, Metra M, Collins SP, et al. Heart failure during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Clinical, diagnostic, management, and organizational dilemmas. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9(6): 3713-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.14118] [PMID: 36111511]
[49]
McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2021; 42(36): 3599-726.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368] [PMID: 34447992]
[50]
Mehra MR, Ruschitzka F. COVID-19 illness and heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 2020; 8(6): 512-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2020.03.004] [PMID: 32360242]
[51]
Sokolski M, Sokolska JM, Zymliński R, et al. Cardiac emergencies during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in the light of the current evidence. Kardiol Pol 2020; 78(7-8): 818-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.33963/KP.15516] [PMID: 32687268]
[52]
Agarwal N, Jain P, Pathak R, Gupta R. Telemedicine in India: A tool for transforming health care in the era of COVID-19 pandemic. J Educ Health Promot 2020; 9(1): 190.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_472_20] [PMID: 32953916]
[53]
Saxena S, Srivastava K, Dilbagi R, Saxena A. Telemedicine units for COVID-19: An experience from Madhya Pradesh. Indian J Community Health 2020; 32(2 (Supp))(Suppl.): 277-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/IJCH.2020.v32i02SUPP.021]
[54]
Dash S, Aarthy R, Mohan V. Telemedicine during COVID-19 in India—a new policy and its challenges. J Public Health Policy 2021; 42(3): 501-9.
[55]
Krishnan V, Verma C. Telemedicine in India–an investment of technology for a digitized healthcare industry: A systematic review. In: Romanian Journal of Information Technology and Automatic Control- Revista Romana De Informatica Si Automatica 2021; 31(4): 33-44.
[56]
Bhatnagar N, Garg S, Gangadharan N, Singh MM, Raina SK, Galwankar S. Telemedicine: Embracing virtual care during COVID-19 pandemic. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9(9): 4516-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_918_20] [PMID: 33209755]
[57]
Malathi S, Dhinakaran DP, Yogesswari B. Impact of COVID-19 on Indian Pharmaceutical Industry. Ann Rom Soc Cell Biol 2021; 25(6): 11155-9.
[58]
Dandekar J. COVID–19 and its impact on India Pharma Inc. Express Pharmain. 2020. 44 Dadhich DA. The COVID-19 pandemic and the Indian pharmaceutical industry. Eur Pharm Rev 2020.
[59]
Chatterjee P. Indian pharma threatened by COVID-19 shutdowns in China. Lancet 2020; 395(10225): 675.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30459-1] [PMID: 32113494]
[60]
Mittal S, Sharma D. The impact of COVID-19 on stock returns of the Indian healthcare and pharmaceutical sector. Australasian Accounting. Business and Finance Journal 2021; 15(1): 5-21.
[61]
Behera C, Rath BN. The COVID-19 pandemic and Indian pharmaceutical companies: An event study analysis.Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking. Special 2021; 2021: 1-14.
[62]
Future of Pharmaceutical industry in India | ORF. Available from: https://www.orfonline.org/expertspeak/future-of-pharmaceutical-industry-in-india/ (2020)
[63]
Dhinakaran DD, Kesavan N. Exports and imports stagnation in India during COVID-19-A Review. GIS Business 2020; 15(4): 1430-3663.
[64]
Chadda R, Deb K. Indian family systems, collectivistic society and psychotherapy. Indian J Psychiatry 2013; 55(6) (Suppl. 2): 299.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.105555] [PMID: 23858272]
[65]
Grover S, Sahoo S, Mehra A, et al. Psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdown: An online survey from India. Indian J Psychiatry 2020; 62(4): 354-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_427_20] [PMID: 33165368]
[66]
Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020; 395(10227): 912-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8] [PMID: 32112714]
[67]
Torales J, O’Higgins M, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Ventriglio A. The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2020; 66(4): 317-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212] [PMID: 32233719]
[68]
Aneja R, Ahuja V. An assessment of socioeconomic impact of COVID‐19 pandemic in India. J Public Aff 2021; 21(2): e2266.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pa.2266] [PMID: 33173441]
[69]
Hossain MM, Purohit N, Sharma R, Bhattacharya S, McKyer ELJ, Ma P. Suicide of a farmer amid COVID-19 inIndia: Perspectives on social determinants of suicidal behavior and prevention strategies. 2020.
[70]
Dsouza DD, Quadros S, Hyderabadwala ZJ, Mamun MA. Aggregated COVID-19 suicide incidences in India: Fear of COVID-19 infection is the prominent causative factor. Psychiatry Res 2020; 290: 113145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113145] [PMID: 32544650]
[71]
Bhuiyan A, Sakib N, Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD, Mamun MA. COVID-19-related suicides in Bangladesh due to lockdown and economic factors: Case study evidence from media reports. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 19(6): 2110-5.
[72]
Mamun MA, Ullah I. COVID-19 suicides in Pakistan, dying off not COVID-19 fear but poverty? – The forthcoming economic challenges for a developing country. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87: 163-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.028] [PMID: 32407859]
[73]
Roy A, Singh AK, Mishra S, Chinnadurai A, Mitra A, Bakshi O. Mental health implications of COVID-19 pandemic and its response in India. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2021; 67(5): 587-600.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764020950769] [PMID: 32873106]
[74]
Mamun MA, Griffiths MD. First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51: 102073.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102073] [PMID: 32278889]
[75]
Sahoo S, Rani S, Parveen S, et al. Self-harm and COVID-19 pandemic: An emerging concern – A report of 2 cases from India. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51: 102104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102104] [PMID: 32325391]
[76]
Matsuishi K, Kawazoe A, Imai H, et al. Psychological impact of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 on general hospital workers in Kobe. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012; 66(4): 353-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2012.02336.x] [PMID: 22624741]
[77]
Irudaya Rajan S, Sivakumar P, Srinivasan A. The COVID-19 pandemic and internal labour migration in India: A ‘crisis of mobility’. Indian Journal of Labour Economics 2020; 63(4): 1021-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41027-020-00293-8] [PMID: 33250596]
[78]
Mahajan V, Singh T, Azad C. Using telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic. Indian Pediatr 2020; 57(7): 658-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13312-020-1895-6] [PMID: 32412914]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy