Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a well-recognised microvascular complication of diabetes and is among the leading cause of blindness all over the world. Over the last decade, there have been advances in the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. At the same time, newer therapies for the management of diabetic retinopathy have evolved. As a result of these advances, a decline in severe vision loss due to diabetes has been witnessed in some developing countries. However, there is a steady increase in the number of people affected with diabetes, and is expected to rise further in the coming years. Therefore, it is prudent to identify diabetic retinopathy, and timely intervention is needed to decrease the burden of severe vision loss. An effort has been made to review all the existing knowledge regarding diabetic retinopathy in this article and summarize the present treatment options for diabetic retinopathy.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007] [PMID: 19896746]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1005073] [PMID: 22455417]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62124-3] [PMID: 20580421]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.06.051] [PMID: 19880184]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(98)96025-0] [PMID: 9627648]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2005.08.063] [PMID: 16490489]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1111] [PMID: 20699456]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030398010] [PMID: 6367724]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030405011] [PMID: 6367725]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.18574] [PMID: 25668264]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021778] [PMID: 12556541]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0706245] [PMID: 18256393]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.8.902] [PMID: 17712074]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.024] [PMID: 28437734]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1909] [PMID: 22301125]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(84)34102-1] [PMID: 6521986]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(98)91020-X] [PMID: 9787347]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(95)31052-4] [PMID: 7831044]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc15-2171] [PMID: 27555623]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12902-017-0170-x] [PMID: 28335755]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/24.4.787] [PMID: 8550277]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.2.349] [PMID: 12547861]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113359] [PMID: 25402474]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00086-1] [PMID: 12750094]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.124.2.250] [PMID: 16476895]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.1985.tb00397.x] [PMID: 4015877]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30128-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076417] [PMID: 24146865]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2008.03.001] [PMID: 18479945]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.21.1.53] [PMID: 9538971]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2009.11.014]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111320] [PMID: 25347072]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11892-012-0283-6] [PMID: 22585044]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc06-2222] [PMID: 17507696]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.7.1275] [PMID: 11423515]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diab.36.4.523] [PMID: 3817306]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.4.1224] [PMID: 12663601]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1056-8727(03)00073-4] [PMID: 15145327]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2012.641531] [PMID: 22122357]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7598] [PMID: 21862642]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.02-0648] [PMID: 14985310]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc10-0793] [PMID: 21270203]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-011-2424-x] [PMID: 22198262]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.491] [PMID: 24336029]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.12.003] [PMID: 17355856]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.274] [PMID: 19901215]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc09-0102] [PMID: 19549733]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.03.003] [PMID: 19501407]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.86.5.565] [PMID: 11973256]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.07.044] [PMID: 20031224]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.03.021] [PMID: 22627119]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.07-1633] [PMID: 18765632]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db07-1495] [PMID: 18443200]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.07.020] [PMID: 21310492]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7510] [PMID: 21873659]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.05.001] [PMID: 25975734]
[PMID: 25165577]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe0807625] [PMID: 18843126]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc13-2112] [PMID: 24356592]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db14-0930] [PMID: 25204977]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra021678] [PMID: 14702427]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00475-5] [PMID: 13129861]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/414813a] [PMID: 11742414]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2013.09.005] [PMID: 24183659]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.05.002] [PMID: 21635964]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2012.04.008] [PMID: 22537944]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1165649] [PMID: 37405050]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.07.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-3293] [PMID: 19710406]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.1.02008] [PMID: 16901919]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07622.x] [PMID: 22168912]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02713680701435391] [PMID: 17612969]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.06.001] [PMID: 19560552]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63952-1] [PMID: 11141487]
[PMID: 7545873]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.02-0276] [PMID: 12506101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157339906775473671] [PMID: 18220619]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283496655] [PMID: 21841544]
[PMID: 17471330]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.08.007] [PMID: 21055817]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08820530390895262] [PMID: 15513012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(87)33527-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2045-3701-4-27] [PMID: 24955234]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(13)38009-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.08.001] [PMID: 30096354]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.3255] [PMID: 30043039]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.15217] [PMID: 26565927]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31193-5] [PMID: 28494920]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aos.14312] [PMID: 31808278]
[PMID: 34121335]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.07.027] [PMID: 30077614]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.02.031] [PMID: 20427088]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.12.039] [PMID: 22330964]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.006] [PMID: 25012934]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.06.017] [PMID: 26198808]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1414264] [PMID: 25692915]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.02.022] [PMID: 26935357]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0000000000000424] [PMID: 28837425]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10384-016-0483-8] [PMID: 27730425]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181884fd2] [PMID: 18827737]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.02.048] [PMID: 21813090]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-240506] [PMID: 33910794]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1469_21] [PMID: 34708746]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(02)00975-2] [PMID: 11986098]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1395-3907.2003.0108.x] [PMID: 14641276]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aos.12504] [PMID: 25043969]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-007-0688-0] [PMID: 17917738]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2006.20.4.205] [PMID: 17302204]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02713683.2012.705412] [PMID: 22793880]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10384-016-0458-9] [PMID: 27306783]
[PMID: 32676266]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10792-015-0103-5] [PMID: 26233578]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02713683.2014.1002048] [PMID: 25610946]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2008-322X.183928] [PMID: 27413499]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.4914] [PMID: 29127949]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IMCRJ.S192524] [PMID: 31213929]
[PMID: 33601897]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IMCRJ.S191171] [PMID: 31114396]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000484091] [PMID: 29248913]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S105385] [PMID: 27468222]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006982-200502000-00015] [PMID: 15689813]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep13256] [PMID: 26329974]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01179-X] [PMID: 12359598]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000360453] [PMID: 25196756]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2008-322X.180697] [PMID: 27195092]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2013.02.008] [PMID: 23791371]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311344] [PMID: 29246890]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(14)72018-5] [PMID: 8694095]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(02)01819-6] [PMID: 12504691]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(92)31901-3] [PMID: 1594222]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01440-9] [PMID: 12511347]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-011-1777-7] [PMID: 21853229]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8100433] [PMID: 33086679]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.051052] [PMID: 19801551]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5551/jat.E463] [PMID: 19556727]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2918(02)80064-9] [PMID: 12462290]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(87)90082-7] [PMID: 3548734]
[PMID: 17388006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67667-2] [PMID: 16310551]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1001288] [PMID: 20587587]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5551/jat.61101] [PMID: 33775978]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176243] [PMID: 32872333]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67579-1] [PMID: 32616724]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2025845] [PMID: 33264825]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2110956] [PMID: 34449181]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dom.14915] [PMID: 36331803]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1607141] [PMID: 27633186]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1901118] [PMID: 31185157]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40261-021-01110-w] [PMID: 34894326]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.18.5.631] [PMID: 8586000]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.23.8.1084] [PMID: 10937502]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181f57d58] [PMID: 20924262]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01572.x] [PMID: 19740128]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2013.311] [PMID: 24434664]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110852] [PMID: 33065390]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578X221118547]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102490] [PMID: 32951739]