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Abstract
Background: With the development of society, the demand for underground works, such as to control road traffic and enhance the development of mineral resources, is increasing. Simple human and mechanical resources can no longer meet people's needs. Therefore, the development of the heading machine has advanced the construction of underground engineering and the development of mineral resources, leading to a significant change in tunneling efficiency. However, the increase in the scale of engineering facilities, changes in geological conditions, the reduction in human resources, and other factors, accompanied by the arrival of the era of big data, have prompted the heading machine to become more and more efficient, advanced, and intelligent.
Objective: This article aimed to describe the classification, characteristics, and development of existing heading machines. It also takes into account the impact of changing engineering facilities, geological conditions, and limited human resources. The research and development direction of the equipment in intelligent perception, intelligent construction, and safety management is proposed.
Methods: In this study, the working principle and related patents of the heading machine have been summarized. The structural characteristics, differences, and application characteristics of the heading machines in different fields are introduced, and the limitations of previous methods have been analyzed.
Results: By analyzing and comparing the existing heading machines and summarizing their typical features, the main problems in the development of heading machines have been analyzed and the development trend of heading machines is predicted. Finally, the current research status and future development trends of heading machines and their patents are discussed.
Conclusion: The heading machines are divided into two types based on the operation object: tunnel boring machine and ordinary heading machine. Among these, the full-face heading machine is the most widely used, and heading machines with different working faces are the most typical among ordinary heading machines. Currently, the application of intelligence in heading machines has gained widespread traction both domestically and internationally. The future development direction of heading machines must focus on intelligence, ensuring safety and efficiency, lightweight design, and environmental sustainability.
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