Neuroprotective and Nootropic Evaluation of some Important Medicinal Plants in Dementia: A Review

Nichols, E.; Szoeke, C.E.I.; Vollset, S.E.; Abbasi, N.; Abd-Allah, F.; Abdela, J.; Aichour, M.T.E.; Akinyemi, R.O.; Alahdab, F.; Asgedom, S.W.; Awasthi, A.; Barker-Collo, S.L.; Baune, B.T.; Béjot, Y.; Belachew, A.B.; Bennett, D.A.; Biadgo, B.; Bijani, A.; Bin Sayeed, M.S.; Brayne, C.; Carpenter, D.O.; Carvalho, F.; Catalá-López, F.; Cerin, E.; Choi, J.Y.J.; Dang, A.K.; Degefa, M.G.; Djalalinia, S.; Dubey, M.; Duken, E.E.; Edvardsson, D.; Endres, M.; Eskandarieh, S.; Faro, A.; Farzadfar, F.; Fereshtehnejad, S-M.; Fernandes, E.; Filip, I.; Fischer, F.; Gebre, A.K.; Geremew, D.; Ghasemi-Kasman, M.; Gnedovskaya, E.V.; Gupta, R.; Hachinski, V.; Hagos, T.B.; Hamidi, S.; Hankey, G.J.; Haro, J.M.; Hay, S.I.; Irvani, S.S.N.; Jha, R.P.; Jonas, J.B.; Kalani, R.; Karch, A.; Kasaeian, A.; Khader, Y.S.; Khalil, I.A.; Khan, E.A.; Khanna, T.; Khoja, T.A.M.; Khubchandani, J.; Kisa, A.; Kissimova-Skarbek, K.; Kivimäki, M.; Koyanagi, A.; Krohn, K.J.; Logroscino, G.; Lorkowski, S.; Majdan, M.; Malekzadeh, R.; März, W.; Massano, J.; Mengistu, G.; Meretoja, A.; Mohammadi, M.; Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, M.; Mokdad, A.H.; Mondello, S.; Moradi, G.; Nagel, G.; Naghavi, M.; Naik, G.; Nguyen, L.H.; Nguyen, T.H.; Nirayo, Y.L.; Nixon, M.R.; Ofori-Asenso, R.; Ogbo, F.A.; Olagunju, A.T.; Owolabi, M.O.; Panda-Jonas, S.; Passos, V.M.A.; Pereira, D.M.; Pinilla-Monsalve, G.D.; Piradov, M.A.; Pond, C.D.; Poustchi, H.; Qorbani, M.; Radfar, A.; Reiner, R.C., Jr; Robinson, S.R.; Roshandel, G.; Rostami, A.; Russ, T.C.; Sachdev, P.S.; Safari, H.; Safiri, S.; Sahathevan, R.; Salimi, Y.; Satpathy, M.; Sawhney, M.; Saylan, M.; Sepanlou, S.G.; Shafieesabet, A.; Shaikh, M.A.; Sahraian, M.A.; Shigematsu, M.; Shiri, R.; Shiue, I.; Silva, J.P.; Smith, M.; Sobhani, S.; Stein, D.J.; Tabarés-Seisdedos, R.; Tovani-Palone, M.R.; Tran, B.X.; Tran, T.T.; Tsegay, A.T.; Ullah, I.; Venketasubramanian, N.; Vlassov, V.; Wang, Y-P.; Weiss, J.; Westerman, R.; Wijeratne, T.; Wyper, G.M.A.; Yano, Y.; Yimer, E.M.; Yonemoto, N.; Yousefifard, M.; Zaidi, Z.; Zare, Z.; Vos, T.; Feigin, V.L.; Murray, C.J.L. Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol., 2019, 18(1), 88-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30403-4] [PMID: 30497964]

Merluzzi, A.P.; Carlsson, C.M.; Johnson, S.C.; Schindler, S.E.; Asthana, S.; Blennow, K. Neurodegeneration, synaptic dysfunction, and gliosis are phenotypic of Alzheimer dementia. Neurology, 2018, 91(5), e436-e443.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005901]

Livingston, G.; Huntley, J.; Sommerlad, A.; Ames, D.; Ballard, C.; Banerjee, S.; Brayne, C.; Burns, A.; Cohen-Mansfield, J.; Cooper, C.; Costafreda, S.G.; Dias, A.; Fox, N.; Gitlin, L.N.; Howard, R.; Kales, H.C.; Kivimäki, M.; Larson, E.B.; Ogunniyi, A.; Orgeta, V.; Ritchie, K.; Rockwood, K.; Sampson, E.L.; Samus, Q.; Schneider, L.S.; Selbæk, G.; Teri, L.; Mukadam, N. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet, 2020, 396(10248), 413-446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6] [PMID: 32738937]

Alzobaidi, N.; Quasimi, H.; Emad, N.A.; Alhalmi, A.; Naqvi, M. Bioactive Compounds and Traditional Herbal Medicine: Promising approaches for the treatment of dementia. Degener. Neurol. Neuromuscul. Dis., 2021, 11, 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DNND.S299589] [PMID: 33880073]

Launer, L.J. Statistics on the burden of dementia: Need for stronger data. Lancet Neurol., 2019, 18(1), 25-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30456-3] [PMID: 30497966]

Shah, F.H.; Shah, S.T.A.; Salman, S.; Idrees, J.; Idrees, F.; Khan, A. A Therapeutic approaches of prominent medicinal plants for targetting Alzheimer’s disease. Z. Arznei Gewurzpflanzen, 2020, 25(1), 15-18.

Hosseinkhani, A.; Sahragard, A.; Namdari, A.; Zarshenas, M.M. Botanical Sources for Alzheimer’s: A review on reports from traditional persian medicine. Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen., 2017, 32(7), 429-437.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533317517717013] [PMID: 28683559]

Tewari, D.; Stankiewicz, A.M.; Mocan, A.; Sah, A.N.; Tzvetkov, N.T.; Huminiecki, L.; Horbańczuk, J.O.; Atanasov, A.G. Ethnopharmacological approaches for dementia therapy and significance of natural products and herbal drugs. Front. Aging Neurosci., 2018, 10, 3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2018.00003] [PMID: 29483867]

Panda, S.S.; Jhanji, N. Natural products as potential anti-alzheimer agents. Curr. Med. Chem., 2020, 27(35), 5887-5917.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666190618113613] [PMID: 31215372]

Syad, A.N.; Devi, K.P. Botanics: A potential source of new therapies for Alzheimer’s disease? Botanics, 2014, 4, 11-26.

Fatima, N.; Nayeem, N. Toxic effects as a result of herbal medicine intake.In: Toxicology; Larramendy, M.L.; Soloneski, S., Eds.; InTech Open, 2016, pp. 193-207.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64468]

Ashokkumar, K.; Murugan, M.; Dhanya, M.K.; Warkentin, T.D. Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton]-a critical review. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2020, 246, 112244.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112244] [PMID: 31541721]

Lim, T.K. Elettaria cardamomum BT. In: Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants; Lim, T.K., Ed.; Dordrecht: Springer: Netherlands, 2013; p. 5.

Alam, A.; Majumdar, R.S.; Alam, P. Systematics evaluations of morphological traits, chemical composition, and antimicrobial properties of selected varieties of elettaria cardamomum (L.). Maton. Nat. Prod. Commun., 2019, 14(12), 1934578X19892688.

Gomaa, A.A.; Makboul, R.M.; El-Mokhtar, M.A.; Abdel-Rahman, E.A.; Ahmed, I.A.; Nicola, M.A. Terpenoid-rich Elettaria cardamomum extract prevents Alzheimer-like alterations induced in diabetic rats via inhibition of GSK3β activity, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine, 2019, 113, 405-416.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.017] [PMID: 30539783]

Abu-Taweel, G.M. Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) perinatal exposure effects on the development, behavior and biochemical parameters in mice offspring. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 2018, 25(1), 186-193.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.08.012] [PMID: 29379379]

Paul, K.; Ganguly, U.; Chakrabarti, S.; Bhattacharjee, P. Is 1,8-Cineole-Rich extract of small cardamom seeds more effective in preventing Alzheimer’s Disease than 1,8-Cineole Alone? Neuromolecular Med., 2020, 22(1), 150-158.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12017-019-08574-2] [PMID: 31628580]

Vieira, V.; Calhelha, R.C.; Barros, L.; Coutinho, J.A.P.; Ferreira, C.F.R.; Ferreira, O. Insights on the extraction performance of alkanediols and glycerol: Using Juglans regia L. leaves as a source of bioactive compounds. Mol., 2020, 25(11), 1-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112497]

Catanzaro, E.; Greco, G.; Potenza, L.; Calcabrini, C.; Fimognari, C. Natural Products to Fight Cancer: A Focus on Juglans regia. Toxins, 2018, 10(11), 469.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110469] [PMID: 30441778]

Fizeșan, I.; Rusu, M.E.; Georgiu, C.; Pop, A.; Ștefan, M.G.; Muntean, D.M.; Mirel, S.; Vostinaru, O.; Kiss, B.; Popa, D.S. Antitussive, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of a walnut (Juglans regia L.) septum extract rich in bioactive compounds. Antioxidants, 2021, 10(1), 119.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010119] [PMID: 33467612]

Al-Snafi, A.E. Chemical constituents, nutritional, pharmacological and therapeutic importance of Juglans regia-A review. IOSR J. Pharm., 2018, 8(11), 1-21.

Vieira, V.; Pereira, C.; Abreu, R.M.V.; Calhelha, R.C.; Alves, M.J.; Coutinho, J.A.P.; Ferreira, O.; Barros, L.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Hydroethanolic extract of Juglans regia L. green husks: A source of bioactive phytochemicals. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2020, 137, 111189.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111189] [PMID: 32045648]

Jahanban-Esfahlan, A.; Amarowicz, R. Walnut (Juglans regia L.) shell pyroligneous acid: chemical constituents and functional applications. RSC Advances, 2018, 8(40), 22376-22391.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8RA03684E] [PMID: 35539719]

Ilah, A.; Zaman, A.; Bano, S.; Ismail, F.; Subhan, S. Walnut (Juglans regia L) and its neuroprotective action mechanism on brain. Phytopharmaceuticals for Brain Health., 2017, 27, 265-278.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315152998-14]

Mohammadi, J.; Delaviz, H.; Ghalamfarsa, G.; Mohammadi, B.; Farhadi, N. A review study on phytochemistry and pharmacology applications of Juglans Regia plant. Pharmacogn. Rev., 2017, 11(22), 145-152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/phrev.phrev_10_17] [PMID: 28989250]

Labuckas, D.O.; Maestri, D.M.; Perelló, M.; Martínez, M.L.; Lamarque, A.L. Phenolics from walnut (Juglans regia L.) kernels: Antioxidant activity and interactions with proteins. Food Chem., 2008, 107(2), 607-612.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.051] [PMID: 26059139]

Wang, R.; Zhong, D.; Wu, S.; Han, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Tang, F.; Ni, Z.; Liu, Y. The phytochemical profiles for walnuts (J. regia and J. sigillata) from China with protected geographical indications. Food Sci. Technol., 2021, 41(Suppl. 2), 695-701.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.30320]

Wang, S.; Zheng, L.; Zhao, T.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, Y.; Sun, B.; Su, G.; Zhao, M. Inhibitory effects of walnut (juglans regia) peptides on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairment mice. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2020, 68(8), 2381-2392.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07670] [PMID: 32037817]

Liu, M.; Yang, S.; Yang, J.; Lee, Y.; Kou, J.; Wang, C. Neuroprotective and memory-enhancing effects of antioxidant peptide from walnut (Juglans regia L.) protein hydrolysates. Nat. Prod. Commun., 2019, 14(7), 1934578X19865838.

Jalal, Z.; El Atki, Y.; Lyoussi, B.; Abdellaoui, A. Phytochemistry of the essential oil of Melissa officinalis L. growing wild in Morocco: Preventive approach against nosocomial infections. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 2015, 5(6), 458-461.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.03.003]

Shakeri, A.; Sahebkar, A.; Javadi, B. Melissa officinalis L.-A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2016, 188, 204-228.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.010] [PMID: 27167460]

Mahboubi, M. Melissa officinalis and rosmarinic acid in management of memory functions and Alzheimer disease. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 2019, 9(2), 47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2221-1691.250849]

López, V.; Martín, S.; Gómez-Serranillos, M.P.; Carretero, M.E.; Jäger, A.K.; Calvo, M.I. Neuroprotective and neurological properties of Melissa officinalis. Neurochem. Res., 2009, 34(11), 1955-1961.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-009-9981-0] [PMID: 19760174]

Ozarowski, M.; Mikolajczak, P.L.; Piasecka, A.; Kachlicki, P.; Kujawski, R.; Bogacz, A.; Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, J.; Szulc, M.; Kaminska, E.; Kujawska, M.; Jodynis-Liebert, J.; Gryszczynska, A.; Opala, B.; Lowicki, Z.; Seremak-Mrozikiewicz, A.; Czerny, B. Influence of the Melissa officinalis leaf extract on long-term memory in scopolamine animal model with assessment of mechanism of action. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2016, 2016, 1-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9729818] [PMID: 27239217]

Soodi, M.; Dashti, A.; Hajimehdipoor, H.; Akbari, S.; Ataei, N. Melissa officinalis acidic fraction protects cultured cerebellar granule neurons against beta amyloid-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress. Cell J., 2017, 18(4), 556-564.
[PMID: 28042540]

Ghazizadeh, J.; Hamedeyazdan, S.; Torbati, M.; Farajdokht, F.; Fakhari, A.; Mahmoudi, J.; Araj-khodaei, M.; Sadigh-Eteghad, S. Melissa officinalis L. hydro‐alcoholic extract inhibits anxiety and depression through prevention of central oxidative stress and apoptosis. Exp. Physiol., 2020, 105(4), 707-720.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/EP088254] [PMID: 32003913]

Singh, D.; Chaudhuri, P.K. A review on phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.). Ind. Crops Prod., 2018, 118, 367-382.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.048]

Zahran, E.M.; Abdelmohsen, U.R.; Khalil, H.E.; Desoukey, S.Y.; Fouad, M.A.; Kamel, M.S. Diversity, phytochemical and medicinal potential of the genus Ocimum L. (Lamiaceae). Phytochem. Rev., 2020, 19(4), 907-953.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-020-09690-9]

Baliga, M.S.; Jimmy, R.; Thilakchand, K.R.; Sunitha, V.; Bhat, N.R.; Saldanha, E. Ocimum Sanctum L (Holy Basil or Tulsi) and its phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Nutr. Cancer, 2013, 65(sup 1), 26-35.

Venuprasad, M.P.; Kandikattu, H.K.; Razack, S.; Amruta, N.; Khanum, F. Chemical composition of Ocimum sanctum by LC-ESI–MS/MS analysis and its protective effects against smoke induced lung and neuronal tissue damage in rats. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2017, 91, 1-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.011] [PMID: 28433747]

Hening, P.; Mataram, M.B.A.; Wijayanti, N.; Kusindarta, D.L.; Wihadmadyatami, H. The neuroprotective effect of Ocimum sanctum Linn. ethanolic extract on human embryonic kidney-293 cells as in vitro model of neurodegenerative disease. Vet. World, 2018, 11(9), 1237-1243.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.1237-1243] [PMID: 30410227]

Mataram, M.B.A.; Hening, P.; Harjanti, F.N.; Karnati, S.; Wasityastuti, W.; Nugrahaningsih, D.A.A.; Kusindarta, D.L.; Wihadmadyatami, H. The neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract Ocimum sanctum Linn. in the regulation of neuronal density in hippocampus areas as a central autobiography memory on the rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Chem. Neuroanat., 2021, 111, 101885.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101885] [PMID: 33188864]

Kumar, N.; Kumar, R.; Kishore, K.; Onosma, L.; Onosma, L. A review of phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology. Pharmacogn. Rev., 2013, 7(14), 140-151.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.120513] [PMID: 24347922]

Fareed, S.; Siddiqui, H.H.; Haque, S.E.; Khalid, M.; Akhtar, J. Psychoimmunomodulatory effects of Onosma bracteatum Wall.(Gaozaban) on stress model in sprague dawley rats. J. Clin. Diagn. Res., 2012, 6(7), 1356-1360.

Pan, Y.; Liu, Y.; Fujii, R.; Farooq, U.; Cheng, L.; Matsuura, A.; Qi, J.; Xiang, L. Ehretiquinone from Onosma bracteatum wall exhibits antiaging effect on yeasts and mammals through antioxidative stress and autophagy induction. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2021, 2021, 1-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5469849] [PMID: 33510837]

Akram, M.; Riaz, M.; Munir, N.; Akhter, N.; Zafar, S.; Jabeen, F.; Ali Shariati, M.; Akhtar, N.; Riaz, Z.; Altaf, S.H.; Daniyal, M.; Zahid, R.; Said Khan, F. Chemical constituents, experimental and clinical pharmacology of Rosa damascena: a literature review. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2020, 72(2), 161-174.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jphp.13185] [PMID: 31709541]

Karimipour, M.; Mardani, M.; Ghanadian, M.; Esmaeili, A.; Mohammadnejad, D.; Alaei, H.A.; Esfandiary, E. Neuroprotective effects of Rosa damascena extract on learning and memory in a rat model of amyloid-β-induced Alzheimer’s disease. Adv. Biomed. Res., 2015, 4(1), 131.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2277-9175.161512] [PMID: 26322279]

Rezvani-Kamran, A.; Salehi, I.; Shahidi, S.; Zarei, M.; Moradkhani, S.; Komaki, A. Effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa damascena on learning and memory in male rats consuming a high-fat diet. Pharm. Biol., 2017, 55(1), 2065-2073.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2017.1362010] [PMID: 28832226]

Chen, H.W.; Wei, B.J.; He, X.H.; Liu, Y.; Wang, J. Chemical components and cardiovascular activities of Valeriana spp. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2015, 2015, 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/947619] [PMID: 26788113]

Sermukhamedova, O.; Ludwiczuk, A.; Widelski, J.; Głowniak, K.; Sakipova, Z.; Ibragimova, L.; Poleszak, E.; Cordell, G.A.; Skalicka-Woźniak, K. Chemical comparison of the underground parts of Valeriana officinalis and Valeriana turkestanica from Poland and Kazakhstan. Open Chem., 2017, 15(1), 75-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2017-0010]

Al-Attraqchi, O.H.A.; Deb, P.K.; Al-Attraqchi, N.H.A. Review of the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of valeriana officinalis. Curr. Tradit. Med., 2020, 6(4), 260-277.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2215083805666190314112755]

Malva, J.O.; Santos, S.; Macedo, T. Neuroprotective properties of Valeriana officinalis extracts. Neurotox. Res., 2004, 6(2), 131-140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03033215] [PMID: 15325965]

Nam, S.M.; Choi, J.H.; Yoo, D.Y.; Kim, W.; Jung, H.Y.; Kim, J.W.; Kang, S.Y.; Park, J.; Kim, D.W.; Kim, W.J.; Yoon, Y.S.; Hwang, I.K. Valeriana officinalis extract and its main component, valerenic acid, ameliorate d-galactose-induced reductions in memory, cell proliferation, and neuroblast differentiation by reducing corticosterone levels and lipid peroxidation. Exp. Gerontol., 2013, 48(11), 1369-1377.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2013.09.002] [PMID: 24055511]