Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5249
ISSN (Online): 1875-6166

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Comparison of Toxoplasmosis in Narcotic Drug-addicted and Healthy Persons in the Southwest of Iran; A Case-control Study

Author(s): Maryam Fasihi-Karami, Mehdi Sayyah, Forough Kazemi and Reza Arjmand*

Volume 23, Issue 1, 2023

Published on: 02 March, 2023

Page: [65 - 70] Pages: 6

DOI: 10.2174/1871524923666230131152727

Price: $65

Abstract

Introduction: Toxoplasmosis and narcotic drug addiction are endemic in various regions of Iran. These drugs can provide situations for infections by disrupting the immune system. The current case-control study was designed to determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in narcotic drugaddicted persons in comparison with healthy subjects using serology and molecular techniques in the southwest of Iran.

Methods: A total of 201 subjects (including 101 individuals with drug addiction and 100 control participants) were randomly selected. Chronic and acute toxoplasmosis was detected using the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) IgG avidity. T. gondii immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) were also determined by the ELISA. Moreover, the presence of T. gondii in blood samples was diagnosed using the nested-polymerase chain reaction (Nested-PCR).

Results: For T. gondii IgG, 17 (17.0%) of 100 and 39 (38.6%) of 101 cases were diagnosed in the control participants and drug-addicted people, respectively [P=0.001, OR=3.071, CI= (1.591-5.929)]. Moreover, 16 (15.8) and 5 (5.0%) cases were positive for the B1 gene in the drug-addicted patients and controls by the nested-PCR technique, respectively [P=0.019, OR=3.576, CI= (1.257-10.179)]. However, no significant differences were found between the opium (n=64) and crystal methamphetamine (n=37) groups in terms of T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies and the presence of the parasite in the blood (P>0.05).

Conclusion: The present results demonstrated that the outbreak of the infection was more frequent in narcotic drug-addicted persons than the controls using serology and molecular techniques.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Nayeri, C.T.; Sarvi, S.; Amouei, A.; Moosazadeh, M.; Hosseininejad, Z.; A Aghayan, S.; Daryani, A. Relationship between toxoplasmosis and obsessive compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 2019, 13(4), e0007306.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007306] [PMID: 30969961]
[2]
Kazemi, F.; Sayyah, M.; Tavalla, M.; Arjmand, R. Toxoplasmosis in treatment-resistant obsessive–compulsive disorder patients. Acta Parasitol., 2022, 67(1), 356-361.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11686-021-00471-8] [PMID: 34617192]
[3]
Sharifzadeh, M.; Rezanezhad, H.; Solhjoo, K.; Kargar Jahromi, Z.; Shadmand, E.; Shahabi, S.; Taghipour, A. Sero-molecular survey on Toxoplasma gondii infection among drug addicted and non-addicted individuals: A case–control study. BMC Infect. Dis., 2022, 22(1), 19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06979-8] [PMID: 34983410]
[4]
Haghighi, J.D.; Hosseini, A.; Shafiei, R.; Mehravaran, A.; Alijani, E.; Mirahmadi, H. Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in addicted and non-addicted women in Zahedan, southeast of Iran. Int. J. High Risk Behav. Addict., 2020, 9(3), 106458.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.106458]
[5]
Ducrocq, J.; Simon, A.; Lemire, M.; De Serres, G.; Lévesque, B. Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii through consumption of raw or undercooked meat: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 2021, 21(1), 40-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2020.2639] [PMID: 33202167]
[6]
Rostami, A.; Riahi, S.M.; Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D.G.; Gamble, H.R.; Fakhri, Y.; Shiadeh, M.N.; Foroutan, M.; Behniafar, H.; Taghipour, A.; Maldonado, Y.A.; Mokdad, A.H.; Gasser, R.B. Acute toxoplasma infection in pregnant women worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 2019, 13(10), e0007807.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007807] [PMID: 31609966]
[7]
Khan, K.; Khan, W. Congenital toxoplasmosis: An overview of the neurological and ocular manifestations. Parasitol. Int., 2018, 67(6), 715-721.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2018.07.004] [PMID: 30041005]
[8]
Ngoungou, E.B.; Bhalla, D.; Nzoghe, A.; Dardé, M.L.; Preux, P.M. Toxoplasmosis and epilepsy--systematic review and meta analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 2015, 9(2), e0003525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003525] [PMID: 25695802]
[9]
Sutterland, A.L.; Fond, G.; Kuin, A.; Koeter, M.W.J.; Lutter, R.; van Gool, T.; Yolken, R.; Szoke, A.; Leboyer, M.; de Haan, L. Beyond the association. Toxoplasma gondii in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and addiction: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 2015, 132(3), 161-179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acps.12423] [PMID: 25877655]
[10]
Wang, X.; Zhang, L.; Lei, Y.; Liu, X.; Zhou, X.; Liu, Y.; Wang, M.; Yang, L.; Zhang, L.; Fan, S.; Xie, P. Meta-analysis of infectious agents and depression. Sci. Rep., 2015, 4(1), 4530.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep04530] [PMID: 24681753]
[11]
de Barros, J.L.V.M.; Barbosa, I.G.; Salem, H.; Rocha, N.P.; Kummer, A.; Okusaga, O.O.; Soares, J.C.; Teixeira, A.L. Is there any association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and bipolar disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord., 2017, 209, 59-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.016] [PMID: 27889597]
[12]
Arias, I.; Sorlozano, A.; Villegas, E.; Luna, J.D.; McKenney, K.; Cervilla, J.; Gutierrez, B.; Gutierrez, J. Infectious agents associated with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophr. Res., 2012, 136(1-3), 128-136.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.10.026] [PMID: 22104141]
[13]
Malik, A.; Sarfaraz, S.F. Origin and development of drug addiction in South Asia with special reference to Pakistan. Pakistan J. Commer. Soc. Sci, 2011, 5(1), 155-165.
[14]
Ayatollahi-Mousavi, S.A.; Asadikaram, G.; Nakhaee, N.; Izadi, A.; Keikha, N. The effects of opium addiction on the immune system function in patients with fungal infection. Addict. Health, 2016, 8(4), 218-226.
[PMID: 28819552]
[15]
Saurer, T.B.; Ijames, S.G.; Carrigan, K.A.; Lysle, D.T. Neuroimmune mechanisms of opioid-mediated conditioned immunomodulation. Brain Behav. Immun., 2008, 22(1), 89-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2007.06.009] [PMID: 17689049]
[16]
Samojłowicz, D.; Borowska-Solonynko, A.; Kruczyk, M. New, previously unreported correlations between latent Toxoplasma gondii infection and excessive ethanol consumption. Forensic Sci. Int., 2017, 280, 49-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.09.009] [PMID: 28946032]
[17]
Hajsoleimani, F.; Ataeian, A.; Nourian, A.; Mazloomzadeh, S. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women and bioassay of igm positive cases in Zanjan, Northwest of Iran. Iran. J. Parasitol., 2012, 7(2), 82-86.
[PMID: 23109950]
[18]
Modrek, M.J.; Saravani, R.; Mousavi, M.; Khorashad, A.S.; Piri, M. Investigation of IgG and IgM antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii among diabetic patients. Int. J. Infect., 2015, 2(3), e27595.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17795/iji27595]
[19]
Ramezani, M.; Shojaii, M.; Asadollahi, M.; Karimialavijeh, E.; Gharagozli, K. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Iranian patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Clin. Exp. Neuroimmunol., 2016, 7(4), 361-365.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cen3.12329]
[20]
Yarovinsky, F. Innate immunity to Toxoplasma gondii infection. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2014, 14(2), 109-121.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri3598] [PMID: 24457485]
[21]
Ferreira, J.Á.; Santiago, F.M.; Silva, M.V.; Ferreira, F.B.; Macêdo, J.A.G.; Mota, C.M.; Faria, M.S.; Filho, H.H.S.; Silva, D.A.O.; Cunha-Júnior, J.P.; Mineo, J.R.; Mineo, T.W.P. Production, characterization and applications for Toxoplasma gondii-specific polyclonal chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins. PLoS One, 2012, 7(7), e40391.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040391] [PMID: 22808150]
[22]
Sarkari, B.; Asgari, Q.; Bagherian, N.; Esfahani, S.A.; Kalantari, M.; Mohammadpour, I.; Ashrafmansori, M.; Amerinia, M.; Sarvestani, F.S. Molecular and serological evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii infection in reared turkeys in Fars Province, Iran. Jundishapur J. Microbiol., 2014, 7(7), e11598.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/jjm.11598] [PMID: 25368800]
[23]
Jafari Modrek, M.; Hasanzadeh, R.; Foroutan, M.; Mirahmadi, H.; Rahmati-Balaghaleh, M.; Zarean, M. Seroprevalence and molecular evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii in Schizophrenic patients hospitalized in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Southeast of Iran. Trop. Biomed., 2019, 36(2), 422-429.
[PMID: 33597403]
[24]
Fallahi, S.; Rostami, A.; Birjandi, M.; Zebardast, N.; Kheirandish, F.; Spotin, A. Parkinson’s disease and Toxoplasma gondii infection: Sero-molecular assess the possible link among patients. Acta Trop., 2017, 173, 97-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.06.002] [PMID: 28602836]
[25]
Abdollahian, E.; Shafiei, R.; Mokhber, N.; Kalantar, K.; Fata, A. Seroepidemiological study of Toxoplasma gondii infection among psychiatric patients in Mashhad, Northeast of Iran. Iran. J. Parasitol., 2017, 12(1), 117-122.
[PMID: 28761468]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy