Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a disease that endangers both human life and the economy. There was an 11- month period of relative evolutionary standstill following the appearance of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019. However, the emergence of clusters of mutations known as' variants of concern 'with variable viral properties such as transmissibility and antigenicity defined the evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Several efforts have been made in recent months to understand the atomic level properties of SARS-CoV-2. A review of the literature on SARS-CoV-2 mutations is offered in this paper. The critical activities performed by different domains of the SARS-CoV-2 genome throughout the virus's entry into the host and overall viral life cycle are discussed in detail. These structural traits may potentially pave the way for the development of a vaccine and medication to combat the SARS-CoV-2 sickness.
Graphical Abstract
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01479-w] [PMID: 32854739]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.789882] [PMID: 35222327]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41401-020-0485-4] [PMID: 32747721]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1719902] [PMID: 31987001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1594-2] [PMID: 23358612]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2342-5] [PMID: 32408338]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06572] [PMID: 33778179]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1150] [PMID: 32750119]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2762] [PMID: 32132184]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14760584.2016.1124762] [PMID: 26707950]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00426-x] [PMID: 33277466]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-00460-y] [PMID: 33420426]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.046] [PMID: 32334062]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1] [PMID: 25720466]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-4-853] [PMID: 10725411]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01052-08] [PMID: 18753196]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5] [PMID: 31986264]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.10.942136]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9051267] [PMID: 32443810]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017726117] [PMID: 32958678]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00637] [PMID: 33301685]
[PMID: 32542735]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-0691-z] [PMID: 32681121]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iji.12505] [PMID: 32623831]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab228] [PMID: 33928374]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116040] [PMID: 33515918]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.045] [PMID: 32275855]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13010067] [PMID: 33418950]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/aging.103415] [PMID: 32501810]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.00872] [PMID: 32849840]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M505111200] [PMID: 15983030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02202-13] [PMID: 24227843]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41439-021-00146-w] [PMID: 33824725]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irv.12059] [PMID: 23199056]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir610] [PMID: 21960712]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4543(05)70085-3] [PMID: 9735116]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.12.148726]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfaa093] [PMID: 32291449]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.576745]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.13719] [PMID: 32706371]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10875-020-00928-x] [PMID: 33263173]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14336/AD.2020.0428] [PMID: 32489698]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz757] [PMID: 31504780]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01377] [PMID: 29988529]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0690-4] [PMID: 32071422]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.11.987222]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240345] [PMID: 33170902]
[PMID: 33398033]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.61312] [PMID: 33112236]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.24.13600-13612.2004] [PMID: 15564471]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25719] [PMID: 32083328]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100682] [PMID: 32300673]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41420-019-0181-7] [PMID: 31231549]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01358-1] [PMID: 34139198]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050926] [PMID: 33925854]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12040445] [PMID: 32295237]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijp.IJP_115_20] [PMID: 32201449]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41421-020-0153-3] [PMID: 32194980]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6703a1] [PMID: 30141464]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03566-14] [PMID: 25609816]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vim.2009.0090] [PMID: 20374001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2090] [PMID: 19198616]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2022483]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31604-4] [PMID: 32702298]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3143] [PMID: 24217413]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80111-0] [PMID: 15448374]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10930-020-09901-4] [PMID: 32447571]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1085658] [PMID: 12746549]
[PMID: 31911652]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202000047] [PMID: 32022370]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41401-020-0438-y] [PMID: 32555446]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2423-5] [PMID: 32516797]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2550-z] [PMID: 32668444]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072657] [PMID: 32290293]