Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5265
ISSN (Online): 2212-3989

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Systematic Review Article

Technology in the Era of COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence

Author(s): Esmaeil Mehraeen, Mohammad Mehrtak, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Zahra Nazeri, Amir Masoud Afsahi, Farzane Behnezhad, Farzin Vahedi, Alireza Barzegary, Amirali Karimi, Nahid Mehrabi*, Omid Dadras and Shayesteh Jahanfar

Volume 22, Issue 4, 2022

Published on: 25 March, 2022

Article ID: e240322202551 Pages: 10

DOI: 10.2174/1871526522666220324090245

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of technology-based services has been incremental by the care providers for patients scheduling, regulatory considerations, resource allocation, thus enabling virus exposure prevention while maintaining effective patient care. This study aims to review the currently available evidence to identify available technology solutions in the era of COVID-19.

Methods: A systematic review in July 2020 using the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases has been carried out. After evaluating the title and abstract to select the most relevant studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, the selected articles underwent quality assessment. The full text of selected articles was then thoroughly evaluated to extract the essential findings.

Results: In this study, 20 technology-based approaches have been identified for provision of healthcare services to patients with COVID-19. These methods included telemedicine, virtual visits, e-consult, tele-consulting, video conference, virtual healthcare, mobile-based self-care, social media, tele ICU, 3D printing technology, telemonitoring, teleradiology, telesurgical, and cloud-based service.

Conclusion: Due to the rapid spread of the coronavirus, the use of technology-based methods for the provision of remote healthcare services can help control the disease. The effectiveness of each of these approaches can be investigated in future research.

Keywords: Technology, telemedicine, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, prevention, effectiveness, healthcare.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Prasad A, Brewster R, Newman JG, Rajasekaran K. Optimizing your telemedicine visit during the COVID-19 pandemic: Practice guidelines for patients with head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2020; 42(6): 1317-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hed.26197] [PMID: 32343458]
[2]
SeyedAlinaghi S, Ghadimi M, Hajiabdolbaghi M, et al. Prevalence of COVID-19-like symptoms among people living with HIV, and using antiretroviral therapy for prevention and treatment. Curr HIV Res 2020; 18(5): 373-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162X18666200712175535] [PMID: 32652912]
[3]
Ghiasvand F, Ghadimi M, Ghadimi F, Safarpour S, Hosseinzadeh R. SeyedAlinaghi S. Symmetrical polyneuropathy in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). IDCases 2020; 21: e00815.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00815] [PMID: 32514394]
[4]
Sadr S. SeyedAlinaghi S, Ghiasvand F, et al Isolated severe thrombocytopenia in a patient with COVID-19: A case report. IDCases 2020; 21: e00820.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00820] [PMID: 32483524]
[5]
Mehraeen E, Karimi A, Barzegary A, et al. Predictors of mortality in patients with COVID-19-a systematic review. Eur J Integr Med 2020; 40: 101226.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101226] [PMID: 33101547]
[6]
Mehraeen E, Seyed Alinaghi SA, Nowroozi A, et al. A systematic review of ECG findings in patients with COVID-19. Indian Heart J 2020; 72(6): 500-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2020.11.007] [PMID: 33357637]
[7]
Shokri T, Lighthall JG. Telemedicine in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications in facial plastic surgery. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med 2020; 22(3): 155-6.
[8]
Portnoy J, Waller M, Elliott T. Telemedicine in the Era of COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020; 8(5): 1489-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.008] [PMID: 32220575]
[9]
Mehraeen E, Behnezhad F, Salehi MA, Noori T, Harandi H, Seyed ASA. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a review of current evidence. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 278(2): 307-12.
[10]
Mehraeen E, Hayati B, Saeidi S, Heydari M, Seyed Alinaghi S. Selfcare instructions for people not requiring hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Arch Clin Infect Dis 2020; 15(COVID-19): e102978.
[11]
Loeb AE, Rao SS, Ficke JR, Morris CD, Riley LH III, Levin AS. Departmental experience and lessons learned with accelerated introduction of telemedicine during the COVID-19 crisis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2020; 28(11): e469-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-20-00380] [PMID: 32301818]
[12]
Gorodeski EZ, Goyal P, Cox ZL, et al. Virtual visits for care of patients with heart failure in the era of COVID-19: a statement from the Heart Failure Society of America. J Card Fail 2020; 26(6): 448-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.04.008] [PMID: 32315732]
[13]
Blue R, Yang AI, Zhou C, et al. Telemedicine in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A neurosurgical perspective. World Neurosurg 2020; 139: 549-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.066] [PMID: 32426065]
[14]
Ghafari SF, Mahdizadeh J, Valinejadi A, et al. Iranian physicians’ expectations of telemedicine development and implementation infrastructures in teaching hospitals. AIMS Public Health 2019; 6(4): 514-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2019.4.514] [PMID: 31909071]
[15]
Prasad A, Carey RM, Rajasekaran K. Head and neck virtual medicine in a pandemic era: Lessons from COVID-19. Head Neck 2020; 42(6): 1308-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hed.26174] [PMID: 32298018]
[16]
Shamsabadi A, Safdari R, Ghazisaeedi M, Farzi J, Noori T, Mehraeen E. Identifying and prioritizing of data elements for the ophthalmology health smart card. Acta Inform Med 2018; 26(4): 245-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/aim.2018.26.245-248] [PMID: 30692707]
[17]
Mehraeen E, Safdari R, Seyed AS, Noori T, Kahouei M, Soltani-Kermanshahi M. A mobile-based self-management application-usability evaluation from the perspective of HIV-positive people. Health Policy Technol 2020; 9(3): 294-301.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.06.004]
[18]
Verstraete SG, Sola AM, Ali SA. Telemedicine for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in the era of COVID-19. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2020; 70(6): e140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002747] [PMID: 32443060]
[19]
Mehraeen E, Safdari R, Seyed AS, Mohammadzadeh N. Exploring and prioritization of mobile-based self-management strategies for HIV care. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19(3): 288-96.
[20]
Ghosh A, Gupta R, Misra A. Telemedicine for diabetes care in India during COVID19 pandemic and national lockdown period: Guidelines for physicians. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14(4): 273-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.001] [PMID: 32283497]
[21]
Ting DSW, Carin L, Dzau V, Wong TY. Digital technology and COVID-19. Nat Med 2020; 26(4): 459-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0824-5] [PMID: 32284618]
[22]
Almarzooq ZI, Lopes M, Kochar A. Virtual learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: A disruptive technology in graduate medical education. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75(20): 2635-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.015] [PMID: 32304797]
[23]
Bae YS, Kim KH, Choi SW, et al. Information technology-based management of clinically healthy COVID-19 patients: Lessons from a living and treatment support center operated by seoul national university hospital. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22(6): e19938.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19938] [PMID: 32490843]
[24]
Chauhan V, Galwankar S, Arquilla B, et al. Novel coronavirus (COVID-19): Leveraging telemedicine to optimize care while minimizing exposures and viral transmission. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2020; 13(1): 20-4.
[PMID: 32308272]
[25]
Zhou C, Su F, Pei T, et al. COVID-19: Challenges to GIS with big data. Geograph Sustain 2020; 1(1): 77-87.
[26]
Chick RC, Clifton GT, Peace KM, et al. Using technology to maintain the education of residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Surg Educ 2020; 77(4): 729-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.03.018] [PMID: 32253133]
[27]
Ching L, Chang SP, Nerurkar VR. COVID-19 special column: Principles behind the technology for detecting SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19. Hawaii J Health Soc Welf 2020; 79(5): 136-42.
[PMID: 32432217]
[28]
Contreras CM, Metzger GA, Beane JD, Dedhia PH, Ejaz A, Pawlik TM. Telemedicine: Patient-provider clinical engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. J Gastrointest Surg 2020; 24(7): 1692-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11605-020-04623-5] [PMID: 32385614]
[29]
De Marchi F, Cantello R, Ambrosini S, Mazzini L, Group CS. CANPALS Study Group. Telemedicine and technological devices for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the era of COVID-19. Neurol Sci 2020; 41(6): 1365-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04457-8] [PMID: 32440978]
[30]
Drew DA, Nguyen LH, Steves CJ, et al. COPE Consortium. Rapid implementation of mobile technology for real-time epidemiology of COVID-19. Science 2020; 368(6497): 1362-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abc0473] [PMID: 32371477]
[31]
Eghtesadi M. Breaking social isolation amidst COVID-19: A viewpoint on improving access to technology in long-term care facilities. J Am Geriatr Soc 2020; 68(5): 949-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16478] [PMID: 32277470]
[32]
Figueroa CA, Aguilera A. The need for a mental health technology revolution in the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11: 523.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00523] [PMID: 32581891]
[33]
Fix OK, Serper M. Telemedicine and telehepatology during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2020; 15(5): 187-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cld.971] [PMID: 32537134]
[34]
Funayama M, Kurose S, Kudo S, Shimizu Y, Takata T. New information technology (IT)-related approaches could facilitate psychiatric treatments in general hospital psychiatry during the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 54: 102239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102239] [PMID: 32593119]
[35]
Gadzinski AJ, Andino JJ, Odisho AY, Watts KL, Gore JL, Ellimoottil C. Telemedicine and eConsults for hospitalized patients during COVID-19. Urology 2020; 141: 12-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2020.04.061] [PMID: 32330533]
[36]
Gibson LE, Bittner EA, Chang MG. Handheld ultrasound devices: An emerging technology to reduce viral spread during the Covid-19 pandemic. Am J Infect Control 2020; 48(8): 968-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.041] [PMID: 32512082]
[37]
Goldschmidt K. The COVID-19 pandemic: Technology use to support the wellbeing of children. J Pediatr Nurs 2020; 53: 88-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2020.04.013] [PMID: 32317129]
[38]
Goldust M, Agarwal K, Kroumpouzos G, Jafferany M, Lotti T, Podder I. Mental health status of dermatologists during the COVID-19 pandemic: A technology-based therapy. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33(4): e13723.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.13723] [PMID: 32474959]
[39]
Gould CE, Hantke NC. Promoting technology and virtual visits to improve older adult mental health in the face of COVID-19. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2020; 28(8): 889-90.
[40]
Grange ES, Neil EJ, Stoffel M, et al. Responding to COVID-19: The UW Medicine Information Technology Services Experience. Appl Clin Inform 2020; 11(2): 265-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709715] [PMID: 32268390]
[41]
Grimes CL, Balk EM, Crisp CC, et al. A guide for urogynecologic patient care utilizing telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: Review of existing evidence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2020; 31(6): 1063-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00192-020-04314-4] [PMID: 32342112]
[42]
Hong Y-R, Lawrence J, Williams D Jr, Mainous A III. Population-level interest and telehealth capacity of US hospitals in response to COVID-19: Cross-sectional analysis of Google search and national hospital survey data. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6(2): e18961.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18961] [PMID: 32250963]
[43]
Huri E, Hamid R. Technology-based management of neurourology patients in the COVID-19 pandemic: Is this the future? A report from the International Continence Society (ICS) institute. Neurourol Urodyn 2020; 39(6): 1885-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.24429] [PMID: 32526088]
[44]
Ishack S, Lipner SR. Applications of 3D printing technology to address COVID-19-related supply shortages. Am J Med 2020; 133(7): 771-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.04.002] [PMID: 32330492]
[45]
Iyengar K, Upadhyaya GK, Vaishya R, Jain V. COVID-19 and applications of smartphone technology in the current pandemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14(5): 733-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.033] [PMID: 32497963]
[46]
Jethwa H, Abraham S. Should we be using the Covid-19 outbreak to prompt us to transform our rheumatology service delivery in the technology age? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 59(7): 1469-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keaa218] [PMID: 32441754]
[47]
Jones RE, Abdelfattah KR. Virtual interviews in the era of COVID-19: a primer for applicants. J Surg Educ 2020; 77(4): 733-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.03.020] [PMID: 32278546]
[48]
Karim JS, Hachach-Haram N, Dasgupta P. Bolstering the surgical response to COVID-19: how virtual technology will save lives and safeguard surgical practice. BJU Int 2020; 125(6): E18-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bju.15080] [PMID: 32275795]
[49]
Keesara S, Jonas A, Schulman K. Covid-19 and health care’s digital revolution. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(23): e82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2005835] [PMID: 32240581]
[50]
Khan RA, Jawaid M. Technology Enhanced Assessment (TEA) in COVID 19 Pandemic. Pak J Med Sci 2020; 36(Covid19-s4): S108- s110.
[51]
Klein BC, Busis NA. COVID-19 is catalyzing the adoption of teleneurology. Neurology 2020; 94(21): 903-4.
[52]
Lin C, Braund WE, Auerbach J, et al. Policy Decisions and Use of Information Technology to Fight COVID-19, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26(7): 1506-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200574] [PMID: 32228808]
[53]
Machado RA, de Souza NL, Oliveira RM, Martelli Júnior H, Bonan PRF. Social media and telemedicine for oral diagnosis and counselling in the COVID-19 era. Oral Oncol 2020; 105: 104685.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104685] [PMID: 32291154]
[54]
Mann DM, Chen J, Chunara R, Testa PA, Nov O. COVID-19 transforms health care through telemedicine: Evidence from the field. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2020; 27(7): 1132-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa072] [PMID: 32324855]
[55]
Mehrotra A, Ray K, Brockmeyer DM, Barnett ML, Bender JA. Rapidly converting to “virtual practices”: Outpatient care in the era of Covid-19. NEJM Catal 2020; 1(2).
[56]
Mercantini P, Lucarini A, Mazzuca F, Osti MF, Laghi A. How technology can help in oncologic patient management during COVID-19 outbreak. Eur J Surg Oncol 2020; 46(6): 1189-91.
[57]
Moadel RM, Zamora E, Burns JG, et al. Remaining academically connected while socially distant: leveraging technology to support dispersed radiology and nuclear medicine training programs in the era of COVID-19. Acad Radiol 2020; 27(6): 898-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2020.04.005] [PMID: 32312652]
[58]
Noonan D, Simmons LA. Navigating nonessential research trials during COVID-19: The push we needed for using digital technology to increase access for rural participants? J Rural Health 2020.
[59]
Pan XB. Application of personal-oriented digital technology in preventing transmission of COVID-19, China. Ir J Med Sci 2020; 189(4): 1145-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11845-020-02215-5] [PMID: 32219674]
[60]
Pollock K, Setzen M, Svider PF. Embracing telemedicine into your otolaryngology practice amid the COVID-19 crisis: An invited commentary. Am J Otolaryngol 2020; 41(3): 102490.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102490] [PMID: 32307192]
[61]
Tanaka MJ, Oh LS, Martin SD, Berkson EM. Telemedicine in the era of COVID-19: the virtual orthopaedic examination. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2020; 102(12): e57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.20.00609] [PMID: 32341311]
[62]
Taylor CB, Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Graham AK. Digital technology can revolutionize mental health services delivery: The COVID-19 crisis as a catalyst for change. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53(7): 1155-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.23300] [PMID: 32449523]
[63]
Torous J, Jän Myrick K, Rauseo-Ricupero N, Firth J. Digital Mental Health and COVID-19: Using Technology Today to Accelerate the Curve on Access and Quality Tomorrow. JMIR Ment Health 2020; 7(3): e18848.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18848] [PMID: 32213476]
[64]
Tsai MJ, Tsai WT, Pan HS, et al. Deployment of information technology to facilitate patient care in the isolation ward during COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2020; 27(11): 1819-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa126] [PMID: 32516374]
[65]
Vaishya R, Bahl S, Singh RP. Letter to the editor in response to: Telemedicine for diabetes care in India during COVID19 pandemic and national lockdown period: Guidelines for physicians. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14(4): 687-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.027] [PMID: 32442918]
[66]
Whelan P, Stockton-Powdrell C, Jardine J, Sainsbury J. Comment on “digital mental health and COVID-19: Using technology today to accelerate the curve on access and quality tomorrow”: A UK perspective. JMIR Ment Health 2020; 7(4): e19547.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19547] [PMID: 32330113]
[67]
Wang J, Shen J, Ye D, Yan X, Zhang Y, Yang W. Disinfection technology of hospital wastes and wastewater: Suggestions for disinfection strategy during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in China. Environ Pollut 2020; 262: 114665.
[68]
Wang CJ, Ng CY, Brook RH. Response to COVID-19 in Taiwan: big data analytics, new technology, and proactive testing. JAMA 2020; 323(14): 1341-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3151] [PMID: 32125371]
[69]
Webster P. Virtual health care in the era of COVID-19. Lancet 2020; 395(10231): 1180-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30818-7] [PMID: 32278374]
[70]
Wosik J, Fudim M, Cameron B, et al. Telehealth transformation: COVID-19 and the rise of virtual care. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2020; 27(6): 957-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa067] [PMID: 32311034]
[71]
Ye Q, Zhou J, Wu H. Using information technology to manage the COVID-19 pandemic: Development of a technical framework based on practical experience in China. JMIR Med Inform 2020; 8(6): e19515.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19515] [PMID: 32479411]
[72]
Ye J. The role of health technology and informatics in a global public health emergency: Practices and implications from the COVID-19 pandemic. JMIR Med Inform 2020; 8(7): e19866.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19866] [PMID: 32568725]
[73]
Zhang J, Hu W, Chen H, Meng F, Li L, Okun MS. Implementation of a novel bluetooth technology for remote deep brain stimulation programming: The pre- and post-COVID-19 beijing experience. Mov Disord 2020; 35(6): 909-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.28098] [PMID: 32478886]
[74]
Ming LC, Untong N, Aliudin NA, et al. Mobile health apps on COVID-19 launched in the early days of the pandemic: Content analysis and review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8(9): e19796.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19796] [PMID: 32609622]
[75]
Chen KL, Wang SJ, Chuang C, et al. Novel design for door handle-a potential technology to reduce hand contamination in the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Med 2020; 133(11): 1245-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.015] [PMID: 32565262]
[76]
Bokolo Anthony Jnr. Use of telemedicine and virtual care for remote treatment in response to COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Syst 2020; 44(7): 132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10916-020-01596-5] [PMID: 32542571]
[77]
Kamel Boulos MN, Geraghty EM. Geographical tracking and mapping of coronavirus disease COVID-19/severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic and associated events around the world: how 21st century GIS technologies are supporting the global fight against outbreaks and epidemics. Int J Health Geogr 2020; 19(1): 8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12942-020-00202-8] [PMID: 32160889]
[78]
Resiere D, Resiere D, Kallel H. Implementation of medical and scientific cooperation in the caribbean using blockchain technology in coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemics. J Med Syst 2020; 44(7): 123.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10916-020-01589-4] [PMID: 32458071]
[79]
Vaishya R, Javaid M, Khan IH, Haleem A. Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications for COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14(4): 337-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.012] [PMID: 32305024]
[80]
Bragazzi NL, Dai H, Damiani G, Behzadifar M, Martini M, Wu J. How big data and artificial intelligence can help better manage the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(9): E3176.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093176] [PMID: 32370204]
[81]
Mohammad H, Elham M, Mehraeen E, et al. Identifying data elements and key features of a mobile-based self-care application for patients with COVID-19 in Iran. Health Informatics J 2021; 27(4): 14604582211065703.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14604582211065703] [PMID: 34936526]
[82]
Mehraeen E, Najafi Z, Hayati B, Javaherian M, Rahimi S, Dadras O. SeyedAlinaghi S, Ghadimi M, Sabatier JM. Current treatments and therapeutic options for COVID-19 patients: A systematic review. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526521666210726150435] [PMID: 34313204]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
19
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy