Abstract
Nanomaterials due to their small size have high surface area and catalytic activity, and therefore, have found applications in forensic sample analysis. Surface engineering of these nanomaterials enhances their stability, chemical reactivity, specificity and sensitivity towards other analytes. Covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interaction play a major role in attaching functional groups on the surface of various nanomaterials. Over the years, several SENMs have been developed for the analysis of forensic science samples, such as fingerprints, unlawful drugs, explosives, doping agents, chemical and biological warfare agents. These SENMs have been functionalized with a myriad of functionalization agents, such as polymers, organosilanes, acids or alkalis, and compounds of biological origin with different strategies. In this paper, the different surface engineering strategies of nanomaterials, the applications of these nanomaterials in forensic science, and the mechanism behind their detection of forensic analytes have been discussed. The challenges for using SENMs for forensic applications have also been elaborated.
Keywords: Nanotechnology, nanomaterial, forensic science, surface engineering, explosive, fingerprints.
[1]
Tharmavaram M, Rawtani D, Pandey G. Fabrication routes for one-dimensional nanostructures via block copolymers. Nano Converg 2017; 4(1): 12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40580-017-0106-1] [PMID: 28546902]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40580-017-0106-1] [PMID: 28546902]
[2]
Hussain CM, Rawtani D, Pandey G, Tharmavaram M. Handbook of analytical techniques for forensic samples: current and emerging developments. (1st ed.), Elsevier 2021.
[3]
Hemanth K, Tharmavaram M, Pandey G. History of Forensic Science. Technology in Forensic Science. (1st ed.). Wiley 2020; pp. 1-16. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527827688.ch1
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527827688.ch1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527827688.ch1]
[4]
Bhatt PV, Pandey G, Tharmavaram M, Rawtani D, Mustansar Hussain C. Nanotechnology and taggant technology in forensic science. Technology in Forensic Science. (1st ed.). Wiley 2020; pp. 279-301. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527827688.ch14
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527827688.ch14]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527827688.ch14]
[5]
Purohit S, Pandey G, Tharmavaram M, Rawtani D, Mustansar Hussain C. Sensors for the detection of illicit drugsTechnology in Forensic Science. (1st ed.). Wiley 2020; pp. 221-38. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527827688.ch11
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527827688.ch11]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527827688.ch11]
[6]
Dube S, Tharmavaram M, Pandey G, Rawtani D, Mustansar Hussain C. Sensors for the detection of biological fluids. Technology in Forensic Science. (1st ed.). Wiley 2020; pp. 239-58.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527827688.ch12
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527827688.ch12]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527827688.ch12]
[7]
Koyani K, Tharmavaram M, Pandey G, Rawtani D, Mustansar Hussain C. Sensors for the detection of explosives and gunshots residues.Technology in Forensic Science. (1st ed.). Wiley 2020; pp. 199-220. https://onli1n9e9li-b2r2a0ry..wiley.com/-doi/10.1002/9783527827688.ch10
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527827688.ch10]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527827688.ch10]
[8]
Bhoj Y, Pandey G, Bhoj A, Tharmavaram M, Rawtani D. Recent advancements in practices related to desalination by means of nanotechnology. Chemical Physics Impact 2021; 2: 100025.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2021.100025]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2021.100025]
[9]
Pandey G, Rawtani D, Agrawal YK. Aspects of nanoelectronics in materials development. IntechOpen 2016. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/51378
[10]
Rawtani D, Tharmavaram M, Pandey G, Hussain CM. Functionalized nanomaterial for forensic sample analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2019; 120: 115661.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.115661]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.115661]
[11]
Tharmavaram M, Pandey G, Rawtani D. Surface modified halloysite nanotubes: A flexible interface for biological, environmental and catalytic applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 261: 82-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2018.09.001] [PMID: 30243667]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2018.09.001] [PMID: 30243667]
[12]
Rawtani D, Pandey G, Tharmavaram M, Pathak P, Akkireddy S, Agrawal YK. Development of a novel ‘nanocarrier’ system based on Halloysite Nanotubes to overcome the complexation of ciprofloxacin with iron: An in vitro approach. Appl Clay Sci 2017; 150: 293-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.10.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.10.002]
[13]
Pandey G, Munguambe DM, Tharmavaram M, Rawtani D, Agrawal YK. Halloysite nanotubes - An efficient ‘nano-support’ for the immobilization of α-amylase. Appl Clay Sci 2017; 136: 184-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.11.034]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.11.034]
[14]
Li H, Guo X, Liu J, Li F. A synthesis of fluorescent starch based on carbon nanoparticles for fingerprints detection. Opt Mater 2016; 60: 404-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2016.08.010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2016.08.010]
[15]
Wang YF, Yang RQ, Shi ZX, Liu JJ, Zhao K, Wang YJ. The effectiveness of CdSe nanoparticle suspension for developing latent fingermarks. J Saudi Chem Soc 2014; 18(1): 13-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2011.05.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2011.05.007]
[16]
Riskin M, Tel-Vered R, Bourenko T, Granot E, Willner I. Imprinting of molecular recognition sites through electropolymerization of functionalized Au nanoparticles: development of an electrochemical TNT sensor based on pi-donor-acceptor interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130(30): 9726-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja711278c] [PMID: 18597454]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja711278c] [PMID: 18597454]
[17]
De Roo J, De Keukeleere K, Hens Z, Van Driessche I. From ligands to binding motifs and beyond; the enhanced versatility of nanocrystal surfaces. Dalton Trans 2016; 45(34): 13277-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6DT02410F] [PMID: 27461488]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6DT02410F] [PMID: 27461488]
[18]
Korala L, Prieto AL. Chemical functionalization of colloidal inorganic nanocrystals (NCs) via ligand exchange. In: reference module in chemistry, molecular sciences and chemical engineering. 2017. Elsevier Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095472142908
[19]
Zhang T, Wu Y, Pan X, Zheng Z, Ding X, Peng Y. An approach for the surface functionalized gold nanoparticles with pH-responsive polymer by combination of RAFT and click chemistry. Eur Polym J 2009; 45(6): 1625-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.03.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.03.016]
[20]
Wang M, Li M, Yu A, Zhu Y, Yang M, Mao C. Fluorescent nanomaterials for the development of latent fingerprints in forensic sciences. Adv Funct Mater 2017; 27(14): 1606243.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201606243] [PMID: 29657570]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201606243] [PMID: 29657570]
[21]
Ma Y, Wang S, Wang L. Nanomaterials for luminescence detection of nitroaromatic explosives. Trends Analyt Chem 2015; 65: 13-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.09.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.09.007]
[22]
O’Mahony AM, Wang J. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical detection of explosives: a review of recent developments. Anal Methods 2013; 5(17): 4296.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ay40636a]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ay40636a]
[23]
Kumar V, Kumar P, Pournara A, Vellingiri K, Kim K-H. Nanomaterials for the sensing of narcotics: Challenges and opportunities. Trends Analyt Chem 2018; 106: 84-115.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.003]
[24]
Rawtani D, Agrawal YK, Prajapati P. Interaction behavior of DNA with halloysite nanotube–silver nanoparticle-based composite. Bionanoscience 2013; 3(1): 73-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12668-012-0071-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12668-012-0071-4]
[25]
Rawtani D, Agrawal YK. Study the interaction of DNA with halloysite nanotube-gold nanoparticle based composite. J of Bionanosci 2012; 6(2): 95-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbns.2012.1080]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbns.2012.1080]
[26]
Reynolds JG, Hart BR. Nanomaterials and their application to defense and homeland security. JOM 2004; 56(1): 36-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-004-0270-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-004-0270-8]
[27]
Algarra M, Campos BB, Miranda MS, da Silva JCGE. CdSe quantum dots capped PAMAM dendrimer nanocomposites for sensing nitroaromatic compounds. Talanta 2011; 83(5): 1335-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2010.10.056] [PMID: 21238718]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2010.10.056] [PMID: 21238718]
[28]
Ganiga M, Cyriac J. Detection of PETN and RDX using a FRET-based fluorescence sensor system. Anal Methods 2015; 7(13): 5412-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5AY00416K]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5AY00416K]
[29]
Li Y, Ji X, Liu B. Chemiluminescence aptasensor for cocaine based on double-functionalized gold nanoprobes and functionalized magnetic microbeads. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401(1): 213-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5064-6] [PMID: 21559755]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5064-6] [PMID: 21559755]
[30]
Gao Z, Agarwal A, Trigg AD, Singh N, Fang C, Tung C-H, et al. Silicon nanowire arrays for label-free detection of DNA. Anal Chem 2007; 79(9): 3291-7.
[31]
Wang J, Liu G, Wu H, Lin Y. Sensitive electrochemical immunoassay for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene based on functionalized silica nanoparticle labels. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 610(1): 112-8.
[32]
Wang X, Yang Y, Dong J, Bei F, Ai S. Lanthanum-functionalized gold nanoparticles for coordination–bonding recognition and colorimetric detection of methyl parathion with high sensitivity. Sens and Actua B: Chemi 2014; 204: 119-24.
[33]
D’souza SL, Pati RK, Kailasa SK. Ascorbic acid functionalized gold nanoparticles as a probe for colorimetric and visual read-out determination of dichlorvos in environmental samples. Anal Meth 2014; 6(22): 9007-14.
[34]
Navaee A, Salimi A, Teymourian H. Graphene nanosheets modified glassy carbon electrode for simultaneous detection of heroine, morphine and noscapine. Biosens and Bioel 2012; 31(1): 205-11.
[35]
Mohammed MI, Haswell S, Gibson I. Lab-on-a-chip or chip-in-alab: challenges of commercialization lost in translation. Proced Techno 2015; 20: 54-9.
Article Metrics
13