Nanopharmacology and Nanotoxicology: Clinical Implications and Methods

The field of nanotechnology has revealed unique aptitudes in the manufacture of novel and effective drugs/delivery systems for pulmonary diseases. This knowledge bargains numerous profits in the treatment of chronic human pulmonary diseases with targeted drugs/delivery systems. In recent years, numerous approaches have been reported to transport drugs to the lungs. Delivery of the drugs/delivery systems over the pulmonary way can be prescribed in two ways: oral inhalation and intranasal administration. In nanomaterial-based aerosol inhalation systems, drug delivery to the lungs can be accomplished by repeated high-dose inhalation. New tools deal with major clinical profits to increase the efficiency of pulmonary drug delivery and target specific areas of the lung. Factors such as size distribution, surface charge, quantitative analysis of lipid composition, drug loading rate, and formulation stability are vital in nanomaterials-based nanopharmacology. The alteration from in vitro phase to the clinical stage and production step for nanomaterials is a multipart action with requirements to overcome various limitations. In the present chapter, we focus on new progress in pulmonary nanopharmacology and the supporting approaches for designing new nanomaterials for this arena. Some patents have been gathered about this topic as well. The future viewpoints have also been discoursed. 

Nanotechnology has caused the most noteworthy influence on oncology, recently. Many nano-based delivery systems for specific medicines and a diversity of other diseases are being advanced nowadays. Nanomedicine is preferably adapted to resolving the main issues of numerous diseases, as it offers the special opportunity to create specific nanoparticles as a carrier for the targeted and controlled transferal of several therapeutic agents to the targeted location. Moreover, ligand-targeting or receptor-mediated targeting methods relate to an extra degree of complexity that may be implemented in the nanoparticles-based product in cardiovascular diseases. Despite the noteworthy increase in studies on the use of nanoparticles in cardiovascular disease, some reports have shown that different types of nanoparticles have cytotoxic action. Future studies are desired to fully investigate toxicity, especially cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses for nanomaterials. The outline of new plans to reduce toxicity should be the aim of future studies. In the present chapter, we emphasize new developments in cardiovascular nanopharmacology and the assistant methods for scheming new nanomaterials for this field. The future lookouts have also been discussed.

Nanotechnology has attracted considerable attention in the biomedical field, especially in cancer therapy. Nanomedicines are superior to current approaches in cancer treatment due to their unique properties and advantages. Along this line, nanotechnology-based therapeutics can offer greater effectiveness with minimal or no side effects. In other words, the inherent limitations of conventional cancer therapies have led to the development of more effective and safer treatments. In this regard, a variety of nanocarriers have been developed for cancer treatment with high specificity, selectivity, biocompatibility, multi-functionality, and precise sustained-release properties. The focus of this book chapter is therefore on several advancements in nano-based approaches and the potential applications of nanomedicines for hematological malignancies and solid tumors with the hope of developing a robust and efficient nanotherapeutic modality.

Nanomedicine is an evolving trend in the biomedical field that can be used for the diagnosis, molecular targeting, imaging, and therapy of a wide range of diseases. The kidneys are essential organs that regulate blood pressure, filtrate blood and remove metabolic waste, produce hormones, and balance electrolytes. The kidney has gained great attention in nanomedicine due to its roles in the clearance of the nanodrugs and affecting the pharmacokinetics of these drugs. Nanoparticles can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases including acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and glomerular diseases. Different approved nanodurgs have been developed for the treatment of kidney diseases. In this chapter, we summarize the available nanodrugs for the treatment of kidney diseases and urinary tract infections.

To date, the application of a wide range of nanostructured materials (NSMs), such as carbon nanotubes, silica compounds, metallic nanoparticles, nanovesicles (liposomes and exosomes), nanohydrogels (NHGs), nanohydroxyapatite (NHAPs), chitosans, and graphenes, has gained interest for various applications in biomedical sciences. These nanoparticles presented outstanding biological and mechanical features. Although the biocompatibility of NSMs is highly investigated, their interaction with the reproductive system is less exploited. On the other hand, recently, NSMs-mediated drug delivery presents a competent method in reproduction biology. Emerging evidence from the literature supports the considerable progress in nanopharmacology, which has transformed the theory of targeted biological delivery, permitting the engineering of complex biocompatible organic/inorganic platforms with a vast loading capacity, highly selective affinity, stability, and capacity for multiple, simultaneous usages; all within the nanometer scale. In this chapter, first, the potential application of NSMs in the field of reproduction is highlighted. Then, the possible effects of these materials on reproduction, endocrinology, developmental alterations, and next-generation impact will be discussed. The data presented in this chapter could provide insight into the effect of NSMs on the reproductive system and development and lead to better risk assessment of these materials or synthesis of safe nano-drug delivery systems to the reproductive organs.

Nanomaterials (NMs) are increasingly used in biomedical sciences. These compounds play a crucial role in many aspects of biomedicine, including disease diagnosis (e.g., biosensors), drug development, and implant technology. The unique architecture, size, composition, surface properties, and shape of NMs make them ideal for various purposes (e.g., drug delivery systems). A wide range of NMs such as carbon nanotubes, silica compounds, metallic nanoparticles, nano-pattern surfaces, liposomes, and nano-hydrogels are widely investigated for these purposes. On the other hand, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the liver tissue are among the first organs exposed to orally administered NMs. Hence, it is essential to investigate the impact of nanoparticles on these organs. In the current chapter, the potential pharmacological applications of NMs in GI and liver diseases are discussed. Then, the effects of nanoengineering on the pharmacokinetic parameters and the adverse effects of nanomaterials in the GI tract and the liver are highlighted. The data provided in the current chapter could help develop safe pharmaceuticals and prevent the adverse effects of NMs in the GI and liver systems.

Nanotechnology has been widely used in medicine to improve the therapeutic results of various diseases. Much effort has been focused on developing new nanoparticles and determining the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles in relation to their biological fate and performance. Today, nanotechnology has been able to offer effective treatments for use in dentistry. However, in the design and evaluation of these nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems in dentistry, less attention has been paid to the pharmacology of delivered drugs and their pathophysiology. In this chapter, we discuss some recent advances in nanotechnology for drug delivery in dentistry for demineralization, osseointegration of dental implants, the treatment of oral cancer, pain management of dental pulp, and the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial formulations as well as the role of nanopharmacology in preventive dentistry.

Nanovaccines are considered a new approach in vaccination methodology specially for Covid-19 infection. Nanovaccines are more effective than conventional vaccines; Because of humoral and cellular immune responses which are simultaneously induced. Nano vaccines are assumed to upregulate the immune system as well as infection prevention. They are probably promising candidates for chronic autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and COVID-19 infectious. Based on this, we will describe the different working mechanisms of nanoparticles. In addition, applicable nano vaccines which have been approved for COVID-19 therapy Covid 19 are described. Antigen-carrying nanoparticles can affect the immune response and significantly enhance cell-T cytotoxic response. Nanoscale particles can improve vaccine efficiency because of their biomedical benefits. These properties include Small size, which allows better penetration into tumors and more half-life tumor cells. Current vaccines, however, are required to re-formulate almost because of gradual antigen modifications. More ever these vaccines do not protect against mutations and the low half-life of current vaccines due to limitations of current technologies. Nano vaccine formulation improvements have been required to induce a widespread and potent immune response. In this review, we provide an overview of the types and applications of nanoparticles in vaccines and their outstanding properties that made them alternatives for Covid-19 treatment. 

Concerns regarding possible toxicological effects on human health and the environment have arisen as nanomaterials (NMs) result from various substances that have become more widely used in various sectors mainly industry, environment, and medicine. This chapter provides a thorough examination of nanotoxicology and nanosafety approaches concerning NMs upon their development and subsequent implementations. The importance of emerging toxicological strategies developed over the last few decades for the evaluation of NMs toxicity including cell culture studies (in vitro), living organisms (in vivo), and computational methods (in silico) following the advantages/disadvantages of each technique is addressed. A comprehensive overview to reduce the NMs toxicity and the most common approaches adopted up to now mostly focused on medical considerations are also presented here.

Nanotechnology structures are particles with a diameter of 1 to 100 nm in at least one dimension. Nanoparticles are made from a variety of soluble and insoluble materials. The nanotechnology market is expected to expand at a rate of around 17.5 percent per year between 2016 and 2022. New nanomaterials that have been thoroughly characterized are becoming increasingly important in biomedical applications. There's a lot of evidence that nanomaterials do not just communicate with cells passively; they also interact with them actively. For the estimation of toxic endpoints, machine learning (ML) methods and algorithms are commonly used. The ML tools in Nano toxicology enable the combination of a number of knowledge sources containing physicochemical properties and outcomes of in vivo and in vitro toxicity experiments. The goal of this review was to highlight current achievements and point out new methods of evaluation in the field of predicting Nano toxicology.