Frontiers in Parasitology

Volume: 1

Mechanisms Controlling Gene Expression in Trypanosomatids

Author(s): Santuza M. R. Teixeira and Bruna M. Valente

Pp: 261-290 (30)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681084053117010009

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

As members of a highly divergent group of eukaryotes, trypanosomatids present peculiar mechanisms of gene expression. These protozoan parasites have transcription and processing machineries that constitutively transcribe clusters of nonrelated genes into polycistronic pre-mRNAs, which are subsequently trans-spliced into monocistronic transcripts. Because of this, control of gene expression relies mainly on post-transcriptional mechanisms that are, for the most part, mediated by RNA binding proteins that control steady-state levels of mRNAs and/or their translation rates. Using primarily Trypanosoma brucei as a model, several groups have begun to elucidate the basic regulatory mechanisms and to define the cellular factors controlling transcription, processing, degradation and translation of mRNAs in trypanosomatids. This chapter describes studies that have been focused on a subset of genes that are differentially expressed during the life cycle of T. brucei, T. cruzi and few species of Leishmania. Although a predominance of regulatory pathways acting at a post-transcriptional level is found for most genes from all three parasites, it is also evident that the regulatory strategies chosen by different trypanosomatid species are not similar. Because of their complex and diversified gene regulatory machinery, T. brucei, T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. are able to respond rapidly to the drastic environmental changes they face during their life cycle, particularly when they move between their different hosts.


Keywords: Epigenetics, Gene expression, Polyadenylation, Post-transcription, RNA polymerase, RNA promoter, Trans-splicing, Transcription, Untranslated region, VSG.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309766940 and j.to_ip >=309766940 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740515802 and j.to_date >= 1740515802 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9922) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309766940 and j.to_ip >=309766940 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740515802 and j.to_date >= 1740515802 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9922) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309766940 and j.to_ip >=309766940 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740515802 and j.to_date >= 1740515802 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9922)
      950μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2201 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740515802 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740515802 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.58msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2201
      • 3: 1740515802
      • 4: 1740515802
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='8a4d82ccfebe894db976d547f2645161'
      320μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    10Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        YWutMYUvKzYXX9LF8gtPI2KVVkl8JfnBJIR3ySnS
        uc_cart_id
        8a4d82ccfebe894db976d547f2645161
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/9922" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/9922
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InlCUFQ4TkV4QXJCSGF0NFhnQmJDc1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibHIvZENJdXNBVmxuR1htU1VaUmJjd3dGdFdDbE8zUkRaUXFXZUtxdENrRT0iLCJtYWMiOiI1ZjM0MjJiNTc4OWZmOTJiNTU5NmY4ZWY2MTU1NGNkOTU2NTIxYmJiODBhZDdmY2ViNjY5MDE1Yjc0YzYxMTg5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InlCUFQ4TkV4QXJCSGF0NFhnQmJDc1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibHIvZENJdXNBVmxuR1htU1VaUmJjd3dGdFdDbE8zUkRaUXFXZUtxdENrRT0iLCJtYWMiOiI1ZjM0MjJiNTc4OWZm" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 20:36:42 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImtzbTI0NGVMTHNpcC9QcnBtNkxIY3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNjJhemVpdUZWMUliWjhGUkxaelozci94ODlrODNHaExKbkNaUDlsblpGZjNXeU5RSjh5eVhJdFlpdkNpUk9BakxqUWNQT3RLL3JJaDFzMkVvY1R6aXR4SUdoTDIrTk5tSUhLTWJKRWZJOHBCbXg0azZOM2g5aFpVY2ZUeTB5dnYiLCJtYWMiOiI4MjE3OTU2NTg5Y2VkNjE5Yzg4ZjVjYzk1MjM0MjNkYzRmMDEyODY4MzNjYzgwODEzNWI4NzM1YjZlYWI4ZDY2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 08:36:42 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImtzbTI0NGVMTHNpcC9QcnBtNkxIY3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNjJhemVpdUZWMUliWjhGUkxaelozci94ODlrODNHaExKbkNaUDlsblpGZjNXeU5RSjh5eVhJdFlpdkNpUk9BakxqUWNQT" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllJaStONThQTm91dnR1UVJqU2pmeGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidkVndkRBdDhCNHRqNFBES1hDWUZHWFRoZEdudlFLWEFkbFBHd0Y2MCt2NDBiSER3QWU1S0NXSVNXd3hMOEFuc3VEN3YrTVpCajNQUkdFYTAwcVRKWEZDTlZFQ0NtclViNmxCNG9OM0dLWURFa2V6ZlAzSDJhZDg4VFFoaENzcDYiLCJtYWMiOiJkNjc2YmJlMjZjMDkxZDM2MjkwOTA4ZGRmZjg5YjVhODU5N2Y4ODE0N2I0MWMyNTY4Y2I1MDRjNDIyZTI1ZDk5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllJaStONThQTm91dnR1UVJqU2pmeGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidkVndkRBdDhCNHRqNFBES1hDWUZHWFRoZEdudlFLWEFkbFBHd0Y2MCt2NDBiSER3QWU1S0NXSVN" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImtzbTI0NGVMTHNpcC9QcnBtNkxIY3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNjJhemVpdUZWMUliWjhGUkxaelozci94ODlrODNHaExKbkNaUDlsblpGZjNXeU5RSjh5eVhJdFlpdkNpUk9BakxqUWNQT3RLL3JJaDFzMkVvY1R6aXR4SUdoTDIrTk5tSUhLTWJKRWZJOHBCbXg0azZOM2g5aFpVY2ZUeTB5dnYiLCJtYWMiOiI4MjE3OTU2NTg5Y2VkNjE5Yzg4ZjVjYzk1MjM0MjNkYzRmMDEyODY4MzNjYzgwODEzNWI4NzM1YjZlYWI4ZDY2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 08:36:42 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImtzbTI0NGVMTHNpcC9QcnBtNkxIY3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNjJhemVpdUZWMUliWjhGUkxaelozci94ODlrODNHaExKbkNaUDlsblpGZjNXeU5RSjh5eVhJdFlpdkNpUk9BakxqUWNQT" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllJaStONThQTm91dnR1UVJqU2pmeGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidkVndkRBdDhCNHRqNFBES1hDWUZHWFRoZEdudlFLWEFkbFBHd0Y2MCt2NDBiSER3QWU1S0NXSVNXd3hMOEFuc3VEN3YrTVpCajNQUkdFYTAwcVRKWEZDTlZFQ0NtclViNmxCNG9OM0dLWURFa2V6ZlAzSDJhZDg4VFFoaENzcDYiLCJtYWMiOiJkNjc2YmJlMjZjMDkxZDM2MjkwOTA4ZGRmZjg5YjVhODU5N2Y4ODE0N2I0MWMyNTY4Y2I1MDRjNDIyZTI1ZDk5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IllJaStONThQTm91dnR1UVJqU2pmeGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidkVndkRBdDhCNHRqNFBES1hDWUZHWFRoZEdudlFLWEFkbFBHd0Y2MCt2NDBiSER3QWU1S0NXSVN" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "YWutMYUvKzYXX9LF8gtPI2KVVkl8JfnBJIR3ySnS" "uc_cart_id" => "8a4d82ccfebe894db976d547f2645161" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/9922" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 20:36:42GET/chapter/99221121912