Frontiers in Parasitology

Volume: 1

Chromosomes Ends and Telomere Biology of Trypanosomatids

Author(s): Miguel Angel Chiurillo, Cristiane Regina Antonio, Marjorie Mendes Marini, Renata Torres de Souza and José Franco da Silveira

Pp: 104-133 (30)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681084053117010006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

In this chapter, we focus on the structure and function of telomeres and subtelomeres of human protozoan parasites T. cruzi, T. rangeli and Leishmania spp.. Beyond their role in maintaining the integrity of chromosomes, telomeres and subtelomeres are involved in the survival mechanisms of these single-celled parasites. The telomeric repeat (5'-TTAGGG-3')n is conserved among trypanosomatid species, but adjacent subtelomers vary between species and chromosomes within the same cell. The chromosome ends of T. rangeli, for example, exhibit a simple organization with short subtelomeres whereas T. cruzi subtelomeres are a complex mosaic of genomic fragments including gene/pseudogenes corresponding to large gene families of surface proteins and retrotransposons. Differences in the copy number and organization of these genes determine the variation in the size of subtelomeres on each T. cruzi chromosome. Leishmania subtelomeres, in contrast, lack genes encoding surface antigens; instead they carry conserved repeat sequences referred to as telomereassociated sequences. T. cruzi and T. rangeli chromosomes share a high level of synteny which is lost in the subtelomeric regions. It has been suggested that T. cruzi subtelomeres can serve as recombination hotspots and thus promoting the increase of the repertoire of surface antigens. Many pieces of evidence indicate that telomere maintenance in Kinetoplastids occurs primarily by a telomerase-mediated elongation. The catalytic subunit of telomerase (TERT) is present in all sequenced trypanosomatid species, whereas the RNA component containing a template for telomere repeat extension has recently been identified in T. brucei and Leishmania. Further studies are needed to understanding the regulation of telomere homeostasis and the biology of subtelomeres of trypanosomatids.


Keywords: Base modification, Chromosomes ends, Contingency genes, Retrotransposons, Subtelomere, Surface protein genes, Telomerase, Telomere generation, Telomere junction, Telomere repeats.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316381173 and j.to_ip >=316381173 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740513543 and j.to_date >= 1740513543 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9919) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316381173 and j.to_ip >=316381173 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740513543 and j.to_date >= 1740513543 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9919) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316381173 and j.to_ip >=316381173 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740513543 and j.to_date >= 1740513543 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9919)
      1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2201 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740513543 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740513543 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.56msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2201
      • 3: 1740513543
      • 4: 1740513543
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='ecf4cf50910eace17aa978b7516d4334'
      280μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    10Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
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        uc_cart_id
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        _previous
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        _flash
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        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
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        status_code
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        status_text
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        format
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        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
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        request_headers
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 19:59:03GET/chapter/99191121912