Substance and Non Substance Related Addiction Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment

Hallucinogen-LSD Use Disorder

Author(s): Subhash C. Bhatia and Aly Hassan

Pp: 128-135 (8)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681083438117010015

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

LSD is the most potent hallucinogen. This as well as other hallucinogens have been used for religious rituals by Native Americans for centuries. LSD chemical structure has similarity to serotonin and works through post synaptic 5-HT2A receptor agonistic effects. LSD was first synthesized in late nineteen thirties. LSD intoxication significantly increases central autonomic activity leading to panic states, tachycardia, increased blood pressure and body temperature, pupillary dilatation, piloerection, tremor and hyperreflexia. The panic states, perceptual disturbances and flashbacks are often referred to as “trips”. Patient may experience these “trips” long after cessation of its use. Subjective effects of LSD start with somatic symptoms followed by perceptual disturbances, lability of mood, depersonalization, altered sense of time, visual distortions, mixing of sensations like “seeing” smells and “hearing” colors. This mixing of sensations is called synesthesia. LSD is not addictive but tolerance to behavioral effects and cross tolerance to other hallucinogens drugs are reported. Acute intoxication results in somatic, perceptual and psychic effects. Some patients also relive these experiences through flashbacks even long after cessation of its use. No withdrawal symptoms are reported. Long -Term effects of LSD use may include psychosis, depression, paranoid delusions and flashbacks. The treatment therefore will consist of targeting the specific clinical syndrome like with SSRIs for depression, antipsychotics like chlorpromazine for psychosis and bad “trips”. As with acute effects safety of the user must be assured and may require inpatient admission. Comorbid mental disorder should be treated to improve outcome. Cognitive behavioral therapy, social skills enhancement training can help to improve adaptive functions.


Keywords: DMT, Ergot derivative, Hallucinogen, LSD, LSD Trip, Lysergic Acid, MDA, Synesthesia.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59134794 and j.to_ip >=59134794 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834435 and j.to_date >= 1739834435 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9904) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59134794 and j.to_ip >=59134794 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834435 and j.to_date >= 1739834435 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9904) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59134794 and j.to_ip >=59134794 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834435 and j.to_date >= 1739834435 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9904)
      780μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1945 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834435 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834435 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.6msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1945
      • 3: 1739834435
      • 4: 1739834435
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='3a282c8a5de5dabbb0bb353a67b6adf0'
      340μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    8Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        XC87rDKCYoPItlHgkfT4lJUDl23yYWwFw9Ue05Hx
        uc_cart_id
        3a282c8a5de5dabbb0bb353a67b6adf0
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/9904" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/9904
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Im9oaWMycGFZYlQvakRYcG9VRlRBN3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNElVZUsycGNtNGoxWmpCTjBoaWZvUjVlMmxjU09vK3pydFNDWnBtT2hmWjdDRnhCZkhDNDMxMlpQVFRjdzRBOSIsIm1hYyI6ImU0MjQxMGJlOGFhMGY0ZmQ0ZGZlMDI0MTFiYjBmMTdiNzA5ZGJjOWIyNjJmMGZlMzQ0ZTNjYTZhYjAyYjUyYWQiLCJ0YWciOiIifQ%3D%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IllyZHVnYUttdStuNUszak9XTnhaTXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZm9vcDk3OU9LKzJyaGxGdmhZTitjOHF4VStGdVhhWUpOS1dVazl4MHFhZlRZbHBudURDb3lHOUVHMWtYYlhEcnR0NFB0VFUvMXZibE5teFFxeWh4SzBpNjZVc1BNUXl1UDFtUHUyaTExWGdMaHB6QVVUY2Jic1Z3ZHE1TldJNlUiLCJtYWMiOiIyYjE3NmFkYTg4MWIwNTJkZWM0ZDFjMzMwZjdhMzFkMmJkZjUwYmQ0ZDcwOWQ4NTZmMTlmNjFhNDdlMDI3M2U5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InRNU2UvNU1OZi83bW9CMEpUYmdEeGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUkJqVUVPQUp0YjZEQnpicHFLZi9ySis1bnpiZFBJVGt5c01Cd0FSN3N4NElJaUtPU1RyamV4NXFwdE92YUlNTnJtYXp6aDVQTWdhUUNBRGowWkpiQkw5NW52Tk5qcDZjRnhFS0wxYllYZlIyYlp1RDV4NWEydVNXT1ZBSHBvZWYiLCJtYWMiOiI3NDhjYTllZjVjZDViYmYyMGU1MmM3NDk5NjNkYjg2NTM2YjFlZmJmYjFlNzg4ZjMzZDU0NjhlNWM1YWRhMmU2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Im9oaWMycGFZYlQvakRYcG9VRlRBN3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNElVZUsycGNtNGoxWmpCTjBoaWZvUjVlMmxjU09vK3pydFNDWnBtT2hmWjdDRnhCZkhDNDMxMlpQVFRjdzRBOSIs" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:20:35 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlArd213QXh3Y2JxRmI5eVpNTzN6UlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRlhEQU1rbXpBWUJTaGVSWUQ3aG8vaitKL2pOTHZEeWI2VCs4YXVsSEVjNmxEcDV0S3pOa3ZtMlpocDNqV2hoRWd3TEVUR0E4Y3NvTlBNSkRlRFhpZVZ5U3R4d2RBQzViRWlKa3NPbWdiQzIrRnNiemRVd0FjMWRBaWYwVmI2MCsiLCJtYWMiOiJiYjFlMGVmZWZjMDA0OTQxMDdlM2U1NTI1NjllMjNlMGU4MWQ0M2Q5ZmI2YTNkNmNiMmFlZDlkZTIzYzAwYTY5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:20:35 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlArd213QXh3Y2JxRmI5eVpNTzN6UlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRlhEQU1rbXpBWUJTaGVSWUQ3aG8vaitKL2pOTHZEeWI2VCs4YXVsSEVjNmxEcDV0S3pOa3ZtMlpocDNqV2hoRWd3TEVUR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkFsaVJ3eFAvK3hVdTNZdGtTTUU5K2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNno4Wk0vVDBSZjNobDdEUEQ3a096dmk4Z1RlNit6VlZnQWdTK0dxM3g1dXZ0bWpEanJNdFNUWmQ3UmdrdEFHQWVwN1V0aHl6cVZtb052WU9vM0U4VTlhcnJwdUZ3Y0V2cHMySEtEdnlUU0FaL2FKQURCSE1WTVFDdXRQT3BwTWQiLCJtYWMiOiI5ZDI5ZGUyYThjMzc0YjI1NmQ4ZmFlZTcxODlkNjMzNDdiZDZhZWY4NzNjNmQzMGU5MjIxMjRkNjNjZjMzYTU0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkFsaVJ3eFAvK3hVdTNZdGtTTUU5K2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNno4Wk0vVDBSZjNobDdEUEQ3a096dmk4Z1RlNit6VlZnQWdTK0dxM3g1dXZ0bWpEanJNdFNUWmQ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlArd213QXh3Y2JxRmI5eVpNTzN6UlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRlhEQU1rbXpBWUJTaGVSWUQ3aG8vaitKL2pOTHZEeWI2VCs4YXVsSEVjNmxEcDV0S3pOa3ZtMlpocDNqV2hoRWd3TEVUR0E4Y3NvTlBNSkRlRFhpZVZ5U3R4d2RBQzViRWlKa3NPbWdiQzIrRnNiemRVd0FjMWRBaWYwVmI2MCsiLCJtYWMiOiJiYjFlMGVmZWZjMDA0OTQxMDdlM2U1NTI1NjllMjNlMGU4MWQ0M2Q5ZmI2YTNkNmNiMmFlZDlkZTIzYzAwYTY5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:20:35 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlArd213QXh3Y2JxRmI5eVpNTzN6UlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRlhEQU1rbXpBWUJTaGVSWUQ3aG8vaitKL2pOTHZEeWI2VCs4YXVsSEVjNmxEcDV0S3pOa3ZtMlpocDNqV2hoRWd3TEVUR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkFsaVJ3eFAvK3hVdTNZdGtTTUU5K2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNno4Wk0vVDBSZjNobDdEUEQ3a096dmk4Z1RlNit6VlZnQWdTK0dxM3g1dXZ0bWpEanJNdFNUWmQ3UmdrdEFHQWVwN1V0aHl6cVZtb052WU9vM0U4VTlhcnJwdUZ3Y0V2cHMySEtEdnlUU0FaL2FKQURCSE1WTVFDdXRQT3BwTWQiLCJtYWMiOiI5ZDI5ZGUyYThjMzc0YjI1NmQ4ZmFlZTcxODlkNjMzNDdiZDZhZWY4NzNjNmQzMGU5MjIxMjRkNjNjZjMzYTU0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkFsaVJ3eFAvK3hVdTNZdGtTTUU5K2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNno4Wk0vVDBSZjNobDdEUEQ3a096dmk4Z1RlNit6VlZnQWdTK0dxM3g1dXZ0bWpEanJNdFNUWmQ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "XC87rDKCYoPItlHgkfT4lJUDl23yYWwFw9Ue05Hx" "uc_cart_id" => "3a282c8a5de5dabbb0bb353a67b6adf0" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/9904" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:20:35GET/chapter/99041121910