Substance and Non Substance Related Addiction Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment

Genetics of Addiction

Author(s): Imad Alsakaf and Subhash C. Bhatia

Pp: 21-25 (5)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681083438117010006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Addictive disorders are complex diseases influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Heritability of these disorders is moderate to high. Genes that increase the risk of addiction to a substance actually increase the risk of addiction to other substances. This means it is mainly through broad externalizing pathways that genes increase the risk of addiction. The current level of our knowledge in genetics is less than enough to have clinical applications. Probably, in the near future, we will be able to provide our patients with individualized report about their susceptibility to addiction.


Keywords: Environment, Genes, Genotype, Heritability, Phenotype, Risk, Susceptibility.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58953283 and j.to_ip >=58953283 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834702 and j.to_date >= 1739834702 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9895) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58953283 and j.to_ip >=58953283 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834702 and j.to_date >= 1739834702 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9895) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58953283 and j.to_ip >=58953283 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834702 and j.to_date >= 1739834702 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9895)
      510μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1945 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834702 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834702 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1945
      • 3: 1739834702
      • 4: 1739834702
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='eade0f62717c79b46447738b82799933'
      180μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    7Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        hV4M0WhnQZP974PmuAyajZe1MBM0GO5xfTTCmptp
        uc_cart_id
        eade0f62717c79b46447738b82799933
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/9895" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/9895
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjVtdjdWTzRXay8yN3VycEZHNEVpT0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQkNZczNTVURqQkUyT2hCdDJnOXdHdXpkZGdrUlRRTVdRYjNQYzNueC92Zz0iLCJtYWMiOiI5NjM5Nzg2NzFmZTYwYzE1MGRmYzIyMjc2ZmMzMWZlM2M5YmQ5MzI4NWNjOTk5NDAyOTUyMWVlMTFjZWIwYTk0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjVtdjdWTzRXay8yN3VycEZHNEVpT0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQkNZczNTVURqQkUyT2hCdDJnOXdHdXpkZGdrUlRRTVdRYjNQYzNueC92Zz0iLCJtYWMiOiI5NjM5Nzg2NzFmZTYw" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:25:02 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlRtS2syaEF4eGhvQ2haVVhHWWlYQnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNWRJNjVsdVAxUHlzdVFublpJR0JicXBWcHpKbE1YRnBjblV4ekxWRVFYd3pNWHRXZ1A4S2tOY2JJWmZ3bU1pUzAxTWtVY1R2QVlqcHRmWXdRLzZoVk5pVnBSeGRISlJzOEVsQmhEVFBPSC93M0tQbEwyNThja1dpVmp3UDJ0RXYiLCJtYWMiOiI3ODg4ZjExYjM0NmQ3YzFjNDU2YzdkNzFjNmU3MmNlN2Q1ZjJmZGYzZTE5NmY3ZDU3ZTcxM2M5ODAwM2M0NjMwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:25:02 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlRtS2syaEF4eGhvQ2haVVhHWWlYQnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNWRJNjVsdVAxUHlzdVFublpJR0JicXBWcHpKbE1YRnBjblV4ekxWRVFYd3pNWHRXZ1A4S2tOY2JJWmZ3bU1pUzAxTWtVY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InBXaHg4MlFEc3lJZ0VZQzVTS1hGQmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVkpKNHpZdzViajVQc1diOExsd1dYZ0swODU0enVwTTVsejVXcm1pMUd2b1RrMEJWT0F3R0JJNEVneDB2Y29sRnY0diszMkdseHV5Q25kRGhFRnVxeFdkT2JyNXRLU0NuNGpDKzlXa0ovOTduM3E3VGlmQzhXakFwR21aTERJTGwiLCJtYWMiOiJhYjgzYjhkOTBkODYyYTlhMTY3YzFiMTc2ODljYTViNDc3OTEwMTkyNGM0NDZhMzlhYTVhMGFmMmE4NjU4ZTk5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InBXaHg4MlFEc3lJZ0VZQzVTS1hGQmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVkpKNHpZdzViajVQc1diOExsd1dYZ0swODU0enVwTTVsejVXcm1pMUd2b1RrMEJWT0F3R0JJNEV" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlRtS2syaEF4eGhvQ2haVVhHWWlYQnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNWRJNjVsdVAxUHlzdVFublpJR0JicXBWcHpKbE1YRnBjblV4ekxWRVFYd3pNWHRXZ1A4S2tOY2JJWmZ3bU1pUzAxTWtVY1R2QVlqcHRmWXdRLzZoVk5pVnBSeGRISlJzOEVsQmhEVFBPSC93M0tQbEwyNThja1dpVmp3UDJ0RXYiLCJtYWMiOiI3ODg4ZjExYjM0NmQ3YzFjNDU2YzdkNzFjNmU3MmNlN2Q1ZjJmZGYzZTE5NmY3ZDU3ZTcxM2M5ODAwM2M0NjMwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:25:02 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlRtS2syaEF4eGhvQ2haVVhHWWlYQnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNWRJNjVsdVAxUHlzdVFublpJR0JicXBWcHpKbE1YRnBjblV4ekxWRVFYd3pNWHRXZ1A4S2tOY2JJWmZ3bU1pUzAxTWtVY" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InBXaHg4MlFEc3lJZ0VZQzVTS1hGQmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVkpKNHpZdzViajVQc1diOExsd1dYZ0swODU0enVwTTVsejVXcm1pMUd2b1RrMEJWT0F3R0JJNEVneDB2Y29sRnY0diszMkdseHV5Q25kRGhFRnVxeFdkT2JyNXRLU0NuNGpDKzlXa0ovOTduM3E3VGlmQzhXakFwR21aTERJTGwiLCJtYWMiOiJhYjgzYjhkOTBkODYyYTlhMTY3YzFiMTc2ODljYTViNDc3OTEwMTkyNGM0NDZhMzlhYTVhMGFmMmE4NjU4ZTk5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InBXaHg4MlFEc3lJZ0VZQzVTS1hGQmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVkpKNHpZdzViajVQc1diOExsd1dYZ0swODU0enVwTTVsejVXcm1pMUd2b1RrMEJWT0F3R0JJNEV" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "hV4M0WhnQZP974PmuAyajZe1MBM0GO5xfTTCmptp" "uc_cart_id" => "eade0f62717c79b46447738b82799933" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/9895" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:25:02GET/chapter/9895112199