What Beliefs Are Made From

Symbolism

Author(s): Jonathan Leicester

Pp: 106-112 (7)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681082639116010015

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Symbols are things that people (or animals) have learned refer to or stand for something else. They are the basis of nonverbal communication in animals. Humans use symbols that relate to in-group psychology, loyalty, power, and remembrance. Such symbols often have a strong emotional charge, and may lead to overvalued or mistaken beliefs and magical thinking. Graves, flags, and the Christian Eucharist are examples. Some symbols are private and personal. Some symbols are unrecognized and exert their influence through unconscious processes. Other human symbols relate to the new function of language and do not have the same emotional power. Some evidence is presented that symbols work by an ‘as if’ mechanism, using some of the same neural circuits that the thing symbolized uses. People can think in symbols, for example, a sentence can use the word dog without either the speaker or the listener having a mental image of a dog.


Keywords: Belief, Mechanism of symbolism, Language, Private symbol, Symbol.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316522063 and j.to_ip >=316522063 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834602 and j.to_date >= 1739834602 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9236) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316522063 and j.to_ip >=316522063 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834602 and j.to_date >= 1739834602 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9236) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316522063 and j.to_ip >=316522063 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834602 and j.to_date >= 1739834602 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9236)
      920μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1993 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834602 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834602 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.24msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1993
      • 3: 1739834602
      • 4: 1739834602
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='54275dd44336f3a2506df8043ab7388e'
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    5Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        eV4vxPinQDUyg330UUVT9tFkc20TvSwjqP1btzyG
        uc_cart_id
        54275dd44336f3a2506df8043ab7388e
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/9236" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/9236
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImtMOG1mSlB3eWJ6WEdsZWlOVDFYbEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWTJWWTYzc2Q5bjJyazVkQVdDR0Y4bGpCVU0xeElJOUJJa3JyQnZTQU4wWT0iLCJtYWMiOiJjYzhiMzA4Y2ZmYWM2NzBkOGU0NjBhZjI2MTFlMTFhNjM2ZDAzYmYwZGJjNDBkYjc0NzUzNTYwOWYwMDM1NmQyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImtMOG1mSlB3eWJ6WEdsZWlOVDFYbEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWTJWWTYzc2Q5bjJyazVkQVdDR0Y4bGpCVU0xeElJOUJJa3JyQnZTQU4wWT0iLCJtYWMiOiJjYzhiMzA4Y2ZmYWM2" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:23:22 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik4zZ1d3anRBOFpMZ1NSellOalVsRFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieDR5ZjNod0xqK0wyK3g0Y0VIZklweDhreU1IV2ZaKzY2VnV3bDZUMzFocnc1Nnp5N3pTc0liYUlKNVhLZ0VWekdzeFh6WXN2Snk2d0xzSjhCeWZiMEd5ZWRGc2wydnJXTEd6ejRtdld1cHdTTjk4TzladG5FVUw4WVJXRC92R1QiLCJtYWMiOiJlODY2NmExODI5MjE1Yjg2OTE0ZGM4ODA0ODg4MzQ1N2E5NDAzNDhkMzYwNjg5ODEzMzlhOGQ3OTZmN2Q2OTQ1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:23:23 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik4zZ1d3anRBOFpMZ1NSellOalVsRFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieDR5ZjNod0xqK0wyK3g0Y0VIZklweDhreU1IV2ZaKzY2VnV3bDZUMzFocnc1Nnp5N3pTc0liYUlKNVhLZ0VWekdzeFh6W" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IndURS9JRmhTaG1ZZUdLMWFtcHBkVmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3gwZXBpa282VFdFS3VyQ3NqZjBkL1BzalZpSkExWnl5QXVXK3ZzK3JzNVRVSmVDeGIvcTBGcWVJUlNRcnFHM0VKNGc0R0Z5OHo3R3ZnRjRwKzVFY1h0V1B3eDR3V1FTc0s1ZG5udGNDWjAvdkJmL2FZMEhpSXBiNkNMN01ObnAiLCJtYWMiOiJkMjg4ODgxZjZkMTQyMjg3YWM0ZmY0OTA2Njg3MTU2NmNmYzcxZjljY2JjYjdmNmVjZWMxNjhmNDQ2MGNlMjNiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IndURS9JRmhTaG1ZZUdLMWFtcHBkVmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3gwZXBpa282VFdFS3VyQ3NqZjBkL1BzalZpSkExWnl5QXVXK3ZzK3JzNVRVSmVDeGIvcTBGcWV" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik4zZ1d3anRBOFpMZ1NSellOalVsRFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieDR5ZjNod0xqK0wyK3g0Y0VIZklweDhreU1IV2ZaKzY2VnV3bDZUMzFocnc1Nnp5N3pTc0liYUlKNVhLZ0VWekdzeFh6WXN2Snk2d0xzSjhCeWZiMEd5ZWRGc2wydnJXTEd6ejRtdld1cHdTTjk4TzladG5FVUw4WVJXRC92R1QiLCJtYWMiOiJlODY2NmExODI5MjE1Yjg2OTE0ZGM4ODA0ODg4MzQ1N2E5NDAzNDhkMzYwNjg5ODEzMzlhOGQ3OTZmN2Q2OTQ1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:23:23 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik4zZ1d3anRBOFpMZ1NSellOalVsRFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieDR5ZjNod0xqK0wyK3g0Y0VIZklweDhreU1IV2ZaKzY2VnV3bDZUMzFocnc1Nnp5N3pTc0liYUlKNVhLZ0VWekdzeFh6W" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IndURS9JRmhTaG1ZZUdLMWFtcHBkVmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3gwZXBpa282VFdFS3VyQ3NqZjBkL1BzalZpSkExWnl5QXVXK3ZzK3JzNVRVSmVDeGIvcTBGcWVJUlNRcnFHM0VKNGc0R0Z5OHo3R3ZnRjRwKzVFY1h0V1B3eDR3V1FTc0s1ZG5udGNDWjAvdkJmL2FZMEhpSXBiNkNMN01ObnAiLCJtYWMiOiJkMjg4ODgxZjZkMTQyMjg3YWM0ZmY0OTA2Njg3MTU2NmNmYzcxZjljY2JjYjdmNmVjZWMxNjhmNDQ2MGNlMjNiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IndURS9JRmhTaG1ZZUdLMWFtcHBkVmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3gwZXBpa282VFdFS3VyQ3NqZjBkL1BzalZpSkExWnl5QXVXK3ZzK3JzNVRVSmVDeGIvcTBGcWV" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "eV4vxPinQDUyg330UUVT9tFkc20TvSwjqP1btzyG" "uc_cart_id" => "54275dd44336f3a2506df8043ab7388e" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/9236" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:23:23GET/chapter/9236112197