Frontiers in HIV Research

Volume: 2

HIV and Hepatitis Viruses Co-infection: A Closer View of Their Interactions and Clinical Consequences

Author(s): Seyed Younes Hosseini, Katayoun Tayeri, Ali Teimoori and Kazem Baesi

Pp: 117-142 (26)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681082554116020012

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Due to sharing common routes for transmission, a significant portion of HIV infected patients are co-infected with hepatitis related viruses. It is well documented that the prognosis, pathological pathways, immunological aspects and finally drug responsiveness are different between mono versus co-infected patients. Although the detailed mechanisms regarding disease exacerbation during HIV and hepatitis virus coinfection remain uncovered, recent findings are promising in the better understanding of the interactions that, in turn maybe valuable in drug discovery.

Close interaction of viruses at common site of replication, synergic actions of proteins, changing the immune response and remodeling the cell milieu through miRNA profile are among possible manners of cooperation/counteraction between HIV and hepatitis viruses that are taken into consideration here.

As HIV infection tends to accelerate the progression of HCV and HBV infections, clinical management of this patient group must be considered more seriously. All HIV cases should be tested for HCV and HBV serological/molecular markers for further management in clinical setting and special therapeutic trend for virus control also should be employed as well.


Keywords: Anti-retroviral therapy, Apoptosis, Co-infection, HBV, HCV, Hepatitis, Hepatocyte, HIV, Immune modulation, Stellate cell.

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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59134794 and j.to_ip >=59134794 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834439 and j.to_date >= 1739834439 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9166) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59134794 and j.to_ip >=59134794 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834439 and j.to_date >= 1739834439 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9166) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59134794 and j.to_ip >=59134794 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834439 and j.to_date >= 1739834439 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9166)
      510μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1984 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834439 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834439 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.06msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1984
      • 3: 1739834439
      • 4: 1739834439
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='3a282c8a5de5dabbb0bb353a67b6adf0'
      210μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    10Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        XC87rDKCYoPItlHgkfT4lJUDl23yYWwFw9Ue05Hx
        uc_cart_id
        3a282c8a5de5dabbb0bb353a67b6adf0
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/9166" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/9166
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjliNzFKdFcyMG5aT2VFanRpTDdZSXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicktleHllcDZJNWRnckZlZnltUk9vcmdWSHVycXJmYXQ2OWFlTUE1SGtMQnBpVVAwVzRPWVI3R2QvSVFTQU1NVyIsIm1hYyI6IjEyY2E1MmZkODJhZGQ4MWFlODhhYzY0ZDBmNzUzOGYwZTk3YWQ4MzRhODM1YmI0ODczMjcxMjdlZGUxNjY4ZWQiLCJ0YWciOiIifQ%3D%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkJKemQrRDd0bCtkUEdvMENFTmFpWXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieGZNTnBHb3FackZMc29VSE5TZ0l6SGM0YzNDNGdwNW9aTWtoM1RzSExRcjFrWERsaXlrckYzVVU3RTRUdUwvelIzK254VGxld0oxWmdRZFBMRG16Z3ErdVpDNFk2UmFQWU4wOUJQNVNsQnRVQ2lHWVczSStLVzM3MHVqVnFCb0kiLCJtYWMiOiI0MjYwOWRkMzQ0MTU0Y2M2NTRkYTU1YWZhZDMxODI5OTRjNTAwZjBmYmEyYjIxMGJlOGVhMWIyM2Q1Yzg0NmVmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkJ2TFcxN2g2VFNoR2R4TTk1dk9FUVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSk9SYjl3MmVqR1htb2dSRHV4SkY5bTEydFFacE81aG4xQ280OWU1MWd3RDNsZTZROU4wZVptaGZ5dmh2dmpLcnNoZFdsTnNOc1E3a0RFMzZiYkRmRHkrK3pvSnA4WFc1VERUWFRwWlpra012TklhaFJVM3V0NEVOejFLM2pUT1AiLCJtYWMiOiIyNTBlZDY5OWVmMGMyZjczNjNiZWEwMmNlYzAzMTlmMTIyMzIyOWNmZjNiODY3NzA5ZGE1MjZmMWMwM2M0YzY4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjliNzFKdFcyMG5aT2VFanRpTDdZSXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicktleHllcDZJNWRnckZlZnltUk9vcmdWSHVycXJmYXQ2OWFlTUE1SGtMQnBpVVAwVzRPWVI3R2QvSVFTQU1NVyIs" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
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        array:5 [ "_token" => "XC87rDKCYoPItlHgkfT4lJUDl23yYWwFw9Ue05Hx" "uc_cart_id" => "3a282c8a5de5dabbb0bb353a67b6adf0" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/9166" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:20:39GET/chapter/91661121912